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Chapter 8: Problem 26
A metal ion with a net +3 charge has five electrons in the \(3 d\) subshell. Identify the metal.
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Write equations representing the following processes: (a) The electron affinity of \(\mathrm{S}^{-}\) (b) The third ionization energy of titanium (c) The electron affinity of \(\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}\) (d) The ionization energy of \(\mathrm{O}^{2-}\)
The ionization energies of sodium (in \(\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\) ), starting with the first and ending with the eleventh, are 495.9,4560,6900,9540,13,400,16,600,20,120 \(25,490,28,930,141,360,170,000 .\) Plot the \(\log\) of ionization energy ( \(y\) axis) versus the number of ionization \((x\) axis \() ;\) for example, log 495.9 is plotted versus 1 (labeled \(I E_{1}\), the first ionization energy), \(\log 4560\) is plotted versus 2 (labeled \(I E_{2}\), the second ionization energy), and so on. (a) Label \(I E_{1}\) through \(I E_{11}\) with the electrons in orbitals such as \(1 s, 2 s, 2 p\) and \(3 s .\) (b) What can you deduce about electron shells from the breaks in the curve?
(a) The formula of the simplest hydrocarbon is \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\) (methane). Predict the formulas of the simplest compounds formed between hydrogen and the following elements: silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. (b) Sodium hydride (NaH) is an ionic compound. Would you expect rubidium hydride (RbH) to be more or less ionic than NaH? (c) Predict the reaction between radium (Ra) and water. (d) When exposed to air, aluminum forms a tenacious oxide \(\left(\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\right)\) coating that protects the metal from corrosion. Which metal in Group 2 A would you expect to exhibit similar properties? Why?
Explain, in terms of their electron configurations, why \(\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}\) is more easily oxidized to \(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\) than \(\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}\) is to \(\mathrm{Mn}^{3+}\)
A student is given samples of three elements, \(\mathrm{X}, \mathrm{Y}\), and \(\mathrm{Z}\), which could be an alkali metal, a member of Group \(4 \mathrm{~A},\) and a member of Group \(5 \mathrm{~A} .\) She makes the following observations: Element X has a metallic luster and conducts electricity. It reacts slowly with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. Element \(Y\) is a light-yellow solid that does not conduct electricity. Element \(Z\) has a metallic luster and conducts electricity. When exposed to air, it slowly forms a white powder. A solution of the white powder in water is basic. What can you conclude about the elements from these observations?
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