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Chapter 1: Problem 21

Explain the fundamental steps of the scientific method.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The fundamental steps of the scientific method include: 1) Making observations to identify a problem or phenomenon; 2) Forming a testable and measurable hypothesis; 3) Conducting controlled experiments or tests to gather empirical evidence; 4) Analyzing the results through tables, graphs, or statistical models; 5) Drawing conclusions based on the analysis, either accepting or revising the hypothesis; and 6) Repeating and refining the hypothesis through further experiments or tests, strengthening scientific evidence and advancing our understanding.

Step by step solution

01

Making Observations

The scientific method begins with making observations about the world around us. These observations can be based on everyday experiences, reading about other research, or through identifying data gaps. The initial step is crucial as it helps to identify a phenomenon or problem that needs to be explored further.
02

Forming a Hypothesis

Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to form a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an informed prediction about the relationship between variables or the outcome of a specific situation. It should be testable and measurable, allowing the researchers to either support or reject it based on the evidence gathered during the research process.
03

Conducting Experiments or Tests

In order to test the hypothesis, researchers design and carry out experiments or collect data through tests or measurements. The purpose of this step is to gather empirical evidence that either supports or contradicts the hypothesis. It is crucial to ensure that the experiment is designed in a controlled manner, so that the results can be accurately attributed to the variables being tested.
04

Analyzing the Results

After the data has been collected, researchers analyze the results to determine if they support or contradict the hypothesis. The data is often represented in tables, graphs, or statistical models to help visualize and interpret the results. This step is critical in understanding if the hypothesis should be accepted or if more research is needed.
05

Drawing Conclusions

Based on the analysis of the results, researchers draw conclusions about the hypothesis. If the evidence supports the hypothesis, it can be accepted as a valid explanation of the observed phenomenon. If the evidence contradicts the hypothesis, it may need to be revised, and the experiment may need to be repeated to refine the hypothesis or explore alternative explanations.
06

Repeating and Refining the Hypothesis

The scientific method is an iterative process. Researchers may repeat the same experiment or conduct new ones to further test the hypothesis or explore alternative explanations. This process of repetition and refinement helps to strengthen the scientific evidence, build consensus among the scientific community, and ultimately advance our understanding of the world around us.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Precious metals and gems are measured in troy weights in the English system: \(\begin{aligned} 24 \text { grains } &=1 \text { pennyweight (exact) } \\ 20 \text { pennyweight } &=1 \text { troy ounce (exact) } \\ 12 \text { troy ounces } &=1 \text { troy pound (exact) } \\ 1 \text { grain } &=0.0648 \text { gram } \\ 1 \text { carat } &=0.200 \mathrm{gram} \end{aligned}\) a. The most common English unit of mass is the pound avoirdupois. What is one troy pound in kilograms and in pounds? b. What is the mass of a troy ounce of gold in grams and in carats? c. The density of gold is \(19.3 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .\) What is the volume of a troy pound of gold?

This year, like many past years, you begin to feel very sleepy after eating a large helping of Thanksgiving turkey. Some people attribute this sleepiness to presence of the amino acid tryptophan in turkey. Tryptophan can be used by the body to produce serotonin, which can calm the brain's activity and help to bring on sleep. a. What mass in grams of tryptophan is in a \(0.25-\mathrm{lb}\) serving of turkey (assume tryptophan accounts for \(1.0 \%\) of the turkey mass)? b. What mass in grams of tryptophan is in \(0.25\) quart of milk (assume tryptophan accounts for \(2.0 \%\) of milk by mass and that the density of milk is \(1.04 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{L}\) )?

A children's pain relief elixir contains \(80 . \mathrm{mg}\) acetaminophen per \(0.50\) teaspoon. The dosage recommended for a child who weighs between 24 and \(35 \mathrm{lb}\) is \(1.5\) teaspoons. What is the range of acetaminophen dosages, expressed in mg acetaminophen/kg body weight, for children who weigh between 24 and \(35 \mathrm{lb}\) ?

The properties of a mixture are typically averages of the properties of its components. The properties of a compound may differ dramatically from the properties of the elements that combine to produce the compound. For each process described below, state whether the material being discussed is most likely a mixture or a compound, and state whether the process is a chemical change or a physical change. a. An orange liquid is distilled, resulting in the collection of a yellow liquid and a red solid. b. A colorless, crystalline solid is decomposed, yielding a pale yellow-green gas and a soft, shiny metal. c. A cup of tea becomes sweeter as sugar is added to it.

A rule of thumb in designing experiments is to avoid using a result that is the small difference between two large measured quantities. In terms of uncertainties in measurement, why is this good advice?
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