Explain the following on the basis of the behavior of atoms and/or ions. a. Cooking with water is faster in a pressure cooker than in an open pan. b. Salt is used on icy roads. c. Melted sea ice from the Arctic Ocean produces fresh water. d. \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}(s)\) (dry ice) does not have a normal boiling point under normal atmospheric conditions, even though \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is a liquid in fire extinguishers. e. Adding a solute to a solvent extends the liquid phase over a larger temperature range.

Cooking with water is faster in a pressure cooker because the increased pressure raises the boiling point of water, allowing for faster heat transfer to the food. Salt is used on icy roads because it lowers the freezing point of water, melting the ice and creating safer driving conditions. Melted sea ice from the Arctic Ocean produces fresh water because the ice crystals trap only water molecules, excluding most of the salt ions. Dry ice does not have a normal boiling point under normal atmospheric conditions, but CO₂ exists in liquid form in fire extinguishers due to high pressure; when the pressure is released, it becomes gaseous to extinguish the fire. Adding a solute to a solvent extends the liquid phase over a larger temperature range by lowering the freezing point and increasing the boiling point of the solvent.