Explain why the following are done, both of which are related to acid-base chemistry. a. Power plants burning coal with high sulfur content use scrubbers to help eliminate sulfur emissions. b. A gardener mixes lime (CaO) into the soil of his garden.

Power plants that burn coal release sulfur dioxide (SO2) as a result of the combustion of coal with high sulfur content. Sulfur dioxide is an acidic gas that can cause acid rain when it mixes with water in the atmosphere. Acid rain can harm the environment, including ecosystems, soil, and aquatic life. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce sulfur emissions in the atmosphere to mitigate the negative effects of acid rain. Scrubbers are used in power plants to help eliminate sulfur emissions. They work by spraying a mixture of water and an alkaline substance, usually limestone (CaCO3), into the exhaust gas stream. The sulfur dioxide reacts with the limestone to form calcium sulfite (CaSO3), a solid compound, and carbon dioxide (CO2). The solid calcium sulfite is then removed, and the sulfur emissions are significantly reduced.

In gardening, soil pH plays an essential role in the availability of nutrients for plants and the growth of beneficial microorganisms. Most garden plants prefer slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soil, with a pH level between 6 and 7. However, acid soils (pH levels below 6) can lead to nutrient deficiencies and reduced plant growth. Lime (CaO), also known as calcium oxide, is an alkaline substance that can be used to increase soil pH. When lime is mixed into the soil, it reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), which then reacts with acidic components in the soil, such as hydrogen ions (H+) or aluminum ions (Al3+). This reaction neutralizes the acidity in the soil, raising the pH level and making the soil more favorable for plant growth. Additionally, the calcium ions (Ca2+) that are released during these reactions can improve soil structure and provide an essential nutrient for plant growth.