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Chapter 20: Problem 110

Many structures of phosphorus-containing compounds are drawn with some \(\mathrm{P}=\mathrm{O}\) bonds. These bonds are not the typical \(\pi\) bonds we've considered, which involve the overlap of two \(p\) orbitals. Instead, they result from the overlap of a \(d\) orbital on the phosphorus atom with a \(p\) orbital on oxygen. This type of \(\pi\) bonding is sometimes used as an explanation for why \(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{3}\) has the first structure below rather than the second: Draw a picture showing how a \(d\) orbital and a \(p\) orbital overlap to form a \(\pi\) bond.

Short Answer

Expert verified
To illustrate the formation of a π bond between a phosphorus-containing compound and an oxygen atom, first draw a cloverleaf-shaped d-orbital on the phosphorus, with one of the lobes pointing towards the oxygen atom. Next, draw a two-lobed p-orbital on the oxygen atom, oriented perpendicular to the P=O bond axis. Finally, show the overlap of the lobes of both the d orbital on phosphorus and the p orbital on oxygen, ensuring that the lobes of the same sign overlap. This overlap creates a high electron density region called a π bond between the two atoms.

Step by step solution

01

Draw the d-orbital

First, draw a d-orbital on the phosphorus atom, which will be responsible for the π bonding. Since d orbitals have a two-lobed structure, represent it with a cloverleaf shape. In this case, one of the lobes will point towards the oxygen.
02

Draw the p-orbital

Next, draw a p-orbital on the oxygen atom, which will also participate in the π bonding. This orbital will be facing the d-orbital and oriented perpendicular to the P=O bond axis. Draw it as a two-lobed structure on the oxygen atom.
03

Show the overlap of the d and p orbitals

Now, show the appropriate overlap of the lobes of both the d orbital on the phosphorus atom and the p orbital on the oxygen atom. This overlap should create a region of high electron density called a π bond between the two atoms. Make sure that the lobes of the same sign overlap.

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