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Chapter 20: Problem 2

List two major industrial uses of hydrogen.

Short Answer

Expert verified
One major industrial use of hydrogen is in the production of ammonia (\(NH_3\)) through the Haber process, which is crucial for the manufacturing of fertilizers. Another significant application of hydrogen is in the refining of fossil fuels, specifically in hydrocracking and hydrotreating processes, improving the quality of fuels and meeting environmental regulations.

Step by step solution

01

Use 1: Ammonia Production

One of the most significant industrial uses of hydrogen gas is in the production of ammonia through the Haber process. Ammonia (NH3) is a vital compound used as a feedstock for the production of fertilizers, which are essential for global food production. The Haber process combines hydrogen gas (H2) and nitrogen gas (N2) under high pressure to produce ammonia. The hydrogen used in this process is typically obtained from natural gas, steam reforming, or other sources.
02

Use 2: Refining of Fossil Fuels

Another major industrial application of hydrogen is in the refining of fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas. Hydrogen is used in a process called hydrocracking, where it helps break down heavy oil molecules into lighter, more valuable components like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Additionally, hydrogen is used in the hydrotreating process, where it helps remove impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen from the fossil fuels, making them cleaner and meeting environmental regulations.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

One pathway for the destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere is $$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{O}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{NO}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \quad \text { Slow } \\\\\mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \quad \text { Fast } \\ \text { Overall reaction: } \mathrm{O}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{O}(g) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g)\end{array}$$ a. Which species is a catalyst? b. Which species is an intermediate? c. The activation energy \(E_{\mathrm{a}}\) for the uncatalyzed reaction $$\mathrm{O}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g)$$ is \(14.0 \mathrm{~kJ} . E_{\mathrm{a}}\) for the same reaction when catalyzed by the presence of \(\mathrm{NO}\) is \(11.9 \mathrm{~kJ} .\) What is the ratio of the rate constant for the catalyzed reaction to that for the uncatalyzed reaction at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) ? Assume that the frequency factor \(A\) is the same for each reaction. d. One of the concerns about the use of Freons is that they will migrate to the upper atmosphere, where chlorine atoms can be generated by the reaction $$\mathrm{CCl}_{2} \mathrm{~F}_{2} \stackrel{\mathrm{hr}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{CF}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}+\mathrm{Cl}$$ Freon- 12 Chlorine atoms also can act as a catalyst for the destruction of ozone. The first step of a proposed mechanism for chlorinecatalyzed ozone destruction is $$\mathrm{Cl}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{3}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{ClO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)$$ Slow Assuming a two-step mechanism, propose the second step in the mechanism and give the overall balanced equation. e. The activation energy for Cl-catalyzed destruction of ozone is \(2.1 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\). Estimate the efficiency with which \(\mathrm{Cl}\) atoms destroy ozone as compared with NO molecules at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Assume that the frequency factor \(A\) is the same for each catalyzed reaction and assume similar rate laws for each catalyzed reaction.

How can the paramagnetism of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) be explained using the molecular orbital model?

Compare the Lewis structures with the molecular orbital view of the bonding in \(\mathrm{NO}, \mathrm{NO}^{+}\), and \(\mathrm{NO}^{-}\). Account for any discrepancies between the two models.

Using data from Appendix 4, calculate \(\Delta H^{\circ}, \Delta G^{\circ}\), and \(K_{\mathrm{p}}\) (at \(298 \mathrm{~K}\) ) for the production of ozone from oxygen: $$3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{O}_{3}(g)$$ At \(30 \mathrm{~km}\) above the surface of the earth, the temperature is about \(230 . \mathrm{K}\), and the partial pressure of oxygen is about \(1.0 \times 10^{-3}\) atm. Estimate the partial pressure of ozone in equilibrium with oxygen at \(30 \mathrm{~km}\) above the earth's surface. Is it reasonable to assume that the equilibrium between oxygen and ozone is maintained under these conditions? Explain.

The heaviest member of the alkaline earth metals is radium (Ra), a naturally radioactive element discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie in \(1898 .\) Radium was initially isolated from the uranium ore pitchblende, in which it is present as approximately \(1.0 \mathrm{~g}\) per \(7.0\) metric tons of pitchblende. How many atoms of radium can be isolated from \(1.75 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~g}\) pitchblende \((1\) metric ton \(=\) \(1000 \mathrm{~kg}) ?\) One of the early uses of radium was as an additive to paint so that watch dials coated with this paint would glow in the dark. The longest-lived isotope of radium has a half-life of \(1.60 \times 10^{3}\) years. If an antique watch, manufactured in 1925, contains \(15.0 \mathrm{mg}\) radium, how many atoms of radium will remain in \(2025 ?\)
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