Name all the aldehydes and ketones that have the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O} .\)

Since the carbonyl group in aldehydes is always at the end of the carbon chain, there is only one possible structure: a straight chain with five carbon atoms, and the carbonyl group at one end.

According to IUPAC nomenclature, we should name this compound by identifying the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group (which is 5 carbons long) and adding the suffix -al to the parent name. Since the longest chain has five carbon atoms, the parent name is pentane. Therefore, the name of this aldehyde is pentanal.

In ketones, the carbonyl group is located in the middle of the carbon chain. Since there are five carbons in the chain, there are two possible positions for the carbonyl group: on the second carbon (counting from one end) or on the third carbon (counting from the other end). To avoid duplicates, since the molecule can be flipped, there are two unique structures.

To name these ketones according to the IUPAC nomenclature, we should find the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group (which is 5 carbons long in both cases). Then, we will add the suffix -one to the parent name. For the first structure, the carbonyl group is on the second carbon atom of the chain. So, the parent name is pentane, and we will add the prefix "2-" to indicate the location of the carbonyl group. The name of this ketone is 2-pentanone. For the second structure, the carbonyl group is on the third carbon atom of the chain. The parent name is also pentane, and we need to include the prefix "3-" to indicate the position of the carbonyl group. The name of this ketone is 3-pentanone. The aldehydes and ketones with the given molecular formula are: 1. Pentanal 2. 2-Pentanone 3. 3-Pentanone