Differentiate between the following terms. a. species reduced versus the reducing agent b. species oxidized versus the oxidizing agent c. oxidation state versus actual charge

The species reduced is the chemical species that gains one or more electrons during a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. This means that its oxidation state decreases during the redox process. On the other hand, the reducing agent is the chemical species that donates electrons to another species, causing the other species to be reduced. In a redox reaction, the reducing agent itself undergoes oxidation, which means that its oxidation state increases. Example: In the redox reaction \(2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O\), the oxygen molecule (\(O_2\)) is the species reduced as its oxidation state decreases from 0 in \(O_2\) to -2 in \(H_2O\). The hydrogen molecule (\(H_2\)) is the reducing agent because it donates electrons to the oxygen molecule and its oxidation state increases from 0 in \(H_2\) to +1 in \(H_2O\).

The species oxidized is the chemical species that loses one or more electrons during a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. This means that its oxidation state increases during the redox process. On the other hand, the oxidizing agent is the chemical species that accepts electrons from another species, causing the other species to be oxidized. In a redox reaction, the oxidizing agent itself undergoes reduction, which means that its oxidation state decreases. Example: In the redox reaction \[2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O\], the hydrogen molecule (\(H_2\)) is the species oxidized as its oxidation state increases from 0 in \(H_2\) to +1 in \(H_2O\). The oxygen molecule (\(O_2\)) is the oxidizing agent because it accepts electrons from the hydrogen molecule, and its oxidation state decreases from 0 in \(O_2\) to -2 in \(H_2O\).

The oxidation state is a hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule or a single ion to help describe redox reactions. This value is determined by the distribution of electrons between bonded atoms, assuming that all electrons in a bond are assigned to the more electronegative atom. On the other hand, the actual charge is the real charge of an atom in a molecule or an ion when electrons are not equally shared between atoms as they form a chemical bond. In other words, the actual charge reflects the charge of an ion or molecule in a specific situation. Example: In a water molecule (\(H_2O\)), the oxidation state of oxygen is -2, and the oxidation state of each hydrogen atom is +1. These oxidation states help describe the redox behavior of water molecules in chemical reactions. However, in reality, a water molecule has no overall actual charge (neutral) because electrons are shared between hydrogen and oxygen atoms, which does not make them ions. If an oxygen atom was present as an oxide ion (\(O^{2-}\)), then its actual charge would be -2 due to the loss of 2 electrons. Meanwhile, a hydrogen ion (\(H^+\)) has an actual charge of +1 due to the loss of 1 electron.