Chapter 19: Problem 7
Why are the observed energy changes for nuclear processes so much larger than the energy changes for chemical and physical processes?
Chapter 19: Problem 7
Why are the observed energy changes for nuclear processes so much larger than the energy changes for chemical and physical processes?
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Get started for freeWhen nuclei undergo nuclear transformations, \(\gamma\) rays of characteristic frequencies are observed. How does this fact, along with other information in the chapter on nuclear stability, suggest that a quantum mechanical model may apply to the nucleus?
Many transuranium elements, such as plutonium-232, have very short half-lives. (For \({ }^{232} \mathrm{Pu}\), the half-life is 36 minutes.) However, some, like protactinium-231 (half-life \(=3.34 \times\) \(10^{4}\) years), have relatively long half-lives. Use the masses given in the following table to calculate the change in energy when 1 mole of \({ }^{232}\) Pu nuclei and 1 mole of \({ }^{231}\) Pa nuclei are each formed from their respective number of protons and neutrons.
A certain radioactive nuclide has a half-life of \(3.00\) hours. a. Calculate the rate constant in \(\mathrm{s}^{-1}\) for this nuclide. b. Calculate the decay rate in decays/s for \(1.000\) mole of this nuclide.
Americium-241 is widely used in smoke detectors. The radiation released by this element ionizes particles that are then detected by a charged-particle collector. The half-life of \({ }^{241} \mathrm{Am}\) is 433 years, and it decays by emitting \(\alpha\) particles. How many \(\alpha\) particles are emitted each second by a \(5.00-\mathrm{g}\) sample of \({ }^{241} \mathrm{Am} ?\)
A positron and an electron can annihilate each other on colliding, producing energy as photons: $$ { }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}+{ }_{+1}^{0} \mathrm{e} \longrightarrow 2{ }^{0}{ }_{0}^{0} \gamma $$ Assuming that both \(\gamma\) rays have the same energy, calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation produced.
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