Why are the observed energy changes for nuclear processes so much larger than the energy changes for chemical and physical processes?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The observed energy changes for nuclear processes are much larger than those for chemical and physical processes because nuclear processes involve the rearrangement of nucleons within the nucleus, which is governed by the strong nuclear force. This force is much stronger than the electromagnetic force responsible for chemical and physical phenomena. As a result, nuclear processes have energy changes on the scale of mega-electronvolts (MeV) per reaction, while chemical processes involve energy changes on the scale of electronvolts (eV) per reaction, and physical processes typically involve even smaller energy changes. This difference in energy scale has practical implications, such as the potential for nuclear energy to produce significantly more energy from a small amount of fuel compared to conventional chemical processes.

Step by step solution

01

Define the types of processes

Nuclear processes involve changes within the nucleus of an atom, such as fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. Chemical processes involve interactions between atoms through the formation or breaking of chemical bonds. Physical processes involve energy changes without the formation or breaking of chemical bonds, such as phase transitions and other energy-based phenomena.
02

Compare the energy scale of nuclear, chemical, and physical processes

Nuclear processes involve energy changes on the scale of mega-electronvolts (MeV) per reaction, while chemical processes involve energy changes on the scale of electronvolts (eV) per reaction. Physical processes typically involve even smaller energy changes, on the order of micro-electronvolts (μeV) and milli-electronvolts (meV). This shows that the energy changes in nuclear processes are several orders of magnitude larger than those in chemical and physical processes.
03

Discuss the reason for larger energy changes in nuclear processes

The main reason for the larger energy changes in nuclear processes is that the forces involved are much stronger than those in chemical and physical processes. The strong nuclear force, which holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom, is much stronger than the electromagnetic force, which is responsible for chemical and physical phenomena. This strong force affects particles at very short range, such as within the nucleus. When a nuclear process occurs, the nucleons within the nucleus are rearranged, leading to changes in the strong nuclear force. Due to the much larger force and energy scale compared to chemical and physical processes, the energy changes observed in nuclear processes are much larger.
04

Relate energy changes to everyday observations

The difference in energy scale among nuclear, chemical, and physical processes has practical implications in our daily lives. For example, nuclear energy has the potential to produce much more energy from a small amount of fuel (such as uranium or plutonium) compared to conventional chemical processes, such as the burning of fossil fuels. This is why nuclear power plants can provide significant amounts of electricity for large populations. On the other hand, smaller energy changes in chemical and physical processes are essential in the functioning of cells, chemical reactions, and other phenomena in our surroundings.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

When nuclei undergo nuclear transformations, \(\gamma\) rays of characteristic frequencies are observed. How does this fact, along with other information in the chapter on nuclear stability, suggest that a quantum mechanical model may apply to the nucleus?

Many transuranium elements, such as plutonium-232, have very short half-lives. (For \({ }^{232} \mathrm{Pu}\), the half-life is 36 minutes.) However, some, like protactinium-231 (half-life \(=3.34 \times\) \(10^{4}\) years), have relatively long half-lives. Use the masses given in the following table to calculate the change in energy when 1 mole of \({ }^{232}\) Pu nuclei and 1 mole of \({ }^{231}\) Pa nuclei are each formed from their respective number of protons and neutrons.

A certain radioactive nuclide has a half-life of \(3.00\) hours. a. Calculate the rate constant in \(\mathrm{s}^{-1}\) for this nuclide. b. Calculate the decay rate in decays/s for \(1.000\) mole of this nuclide.

Americium-241 is widely used in smoke detectors. The radiation released by this element ionizes particles that are then detected by a charged-particle collector. The half-life of \({ }^{241} \mathrm{Am}\) is 433 years, and it decays by emitting \(\alpha\) particles. How many \(\alpha\) particles are emitted each second by a \(5.00-\mathrm{g}\) sample of \({ }^{241} \mathrm{Am} ?\)

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