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Chapter 22: Problem 11

Answer the following questions regarding the formation of polymers. a. What structural features must be present in a monomer in order to form a homopolymer polyester? b. What structural features must be present in the monomers in order to form a copolymer polyamide? (Hint: Nylon is an example of a polyamide. When the monomers link together to form nylon, an amide functional group results from each linkage.) c. What structural features must be present in a monomer that can form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer?

Short Answer

Expert verified
A: For a monomer to form a homopolymer polyester, it must have an alcohol group (-OH) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH). B: To form a copolymer polyamide, one monomer needs a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) on both ends, and the other monomer must have an amine group (-NH₂) on both ends. C: To form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer, a monomer must have a reactive unsaturated bond (C=C) and necessary reactive functional groups, like hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups or amine and carboxylic acid groups.

Step by step solution

01

A: Homopolymer Polyester Monomer Structural Features

For a monomer to form a homopolymer polyester, it must have two functional groups, an alcohol group (-OH or hydroxyl group) on one end and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) on the other end. Homopolymer polyesters are formed through condensation polymerization, where the alcohol group reacts with the carboxylic acid group to form an ester linkage and release water.
02

B: Copolymer Polyamide Monomer Structural Features

To form a copolymer polyamide, two different monomers are needed, each with specific functional groups. One monomer must have a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) on both ends, and the other monomer must have an amine group (-NH₂) on both ends. When these monomers react during the polymerization process, they create an amide linkage (the peptide bond in protein chains) and release water, forming the polyamide copolymer. Nylon is a common example of a copolymer polyamide.
03

C: Monomer Forming Both Addition and Condensation Polymers

To be able to form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer, a monomer must have at least two different types of functional groups. For addition polymerization, the monomer should contain a reactive unsaturated bond, such as a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) present in vinyl monomers. For condensation polymerization, the monomer must have complementary reactive functional groups, like hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups or amine and carboxylic acid groups (as mentioned in A and B). Thus, a monomer with both an unsaturated bond and necessary reactive functional groups can form both addition and condensation polymers.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Draw the following incorrectly named compounds and name them correctly. a. 2 -ethyl-3-methyl-5-isopropylhexane b. 2-ethyl-4-tert-butylpentane c. 3 -methyl-4-isopropylpentane d. 2 -ethyl-3-butyne

Draw the isomer(s) specified. There may be more than one possible isomer for each part. a. a cyclic compound that is an isomer of trans-2-butene b. an ester that is an isomer of propanoic acid c. a ketone that is an isomer of butanal d. a secondary amine that is an isomer of butylamine e. a tertiary amine that is an isomer of butylamine f. an ether that is an isomer of 2 -methyl-2-propanol g. a secondary alcohol that is an isomer of 2-methyl-2-propanol

Explain why methyl alcohol is soluble in water in all proportions, while stearyl alcohol \(\left[\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{16} \mathrm{OH}\right]\) is a waxy solid that is not soluble in water.

Ethylene oxide, is an important industrial chemical. Although most ethers are unreactive, ethylene oxide is quite reactive. It resembles \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\) in its reactions in that addition reactions occur across the \(\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}\) bond in ethylene oxide. a. Why is ethylene oxide so reactive? (Hint: Consider the bond angles in ethylene oxide as compared with those predicted by the VSEPR model.) b. Ethylene oxide undergoes addition polymerization, forming a polymer used in many applications requiring a nonionic surfactant. Draw the structure of this polymer.

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen is \(85.63 \%\) C by mass. Reaction of this compound with \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) produces a secondary alcohol as the major product and a primary alcohol as the minor product. (See Exercise 62.) If the molar mass of the hydrocarbon is between 50 and \(60 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}\), name the compound.
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