For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives. a. The first "organic" compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather than being isolated from nature, was ____ ,which was prepared from _______. b. An organic compound whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is said to be _________. c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is _______. d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said to be _______ alkanes. e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but exhibit different arrangements of the _____ between those atoms. f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending _____ added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. g.For a branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the _______ continuous chain in the molecule. h.The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule are indicated by the _______ of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached. i. The major use of alkanes has been in _______ reactions, as a source of heat and light. j. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo ________ reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane. k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete _______ reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond. l. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of __________. m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called ______ hydrocarbons. n.An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a ______ group. o.A _______ alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group. p.The simplest alcohol, methanol, is prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of ______. q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by ______ the of certain sugars by yeast. r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain ______ the but they differ in where this group occurs along the hvdrocarbon chain. s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by of______ the corresponding alcohol. t. Organic acids, which contain the ________ group, are typically weak acids. u. The typically sweet-smelling compounds called ____ result from the condensation reaction of an organic acid with an ________.

Step by step solution

01

Synthesized organic compound and its precursors

The first "organic" compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather than being isolated from nature, was urea, which was prepared from ammonium chloride and silver cyanate. b.

02

All single bonds

An organic compound whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is said to be saturated. c.

03

Orientation of electron pairs

The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is tetrahedral. d.

04

Unbranched alkanes

Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said to be linear or straight-chain alkanes. e.

05

Structural isomerism

Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but exhibit different arrangements of the bonds between those atoms. f.

06

Systematic names of saturated hydrocarbons

The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending "-ane" added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. g.

07

Root name for branched hydrocarbons

For a branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the molecule. h.

08

Positions of substituents

The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule are indicated by the numbers of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached. i.

09

Major use of alkanes

The major use of alkanes has been in combustion reactions, as a source of heat and light. j.

10

Reactions with reactive agents

With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo substitution reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane. k.

11

Reactions of alkenes and alkynes

Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete addition reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond. l.

12

Conversion of unsaturated to saturated fats

Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of hydrogenation. m.

13

Parent member of aromatic hydrocarbons

Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called aromatic hydrocarbons. n.

14

Characteristic properties of organic molecules

An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a functional group. o.

15

Type of alcohol

A primary alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group. p.

16

Industrial preparation of methanol

The simplest alcohol, methanol, is prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. q.

17

Preparation of ethanol

Ethanol is commonly prepared by fermentation of certain sugars by yeast. r.

18

Similarity between aldehydes and ketones

Both aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group, but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain. s.

19

Preparation of aldehydes and ketones

Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by oxidation of the corresponding alcohol. t.

20

Organic acids

Organic acids, which contain the carboxyl group, are typically weak acids. u.

21

Sweet-smelling compounds

The typically sweet-smelling compounds called esters result from the condensation reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol.

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