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Chapter 22: Problem 8

Give an example reaction that would yield the following products. Name the organic reactant and product in each reaction. a. alkane b. monohalogenated alkane c. dihalogenated alkane d. tetrahalogenated alkane e. monohalogenated benzene f. alkene

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. Alkane Example reaction: \(C_2H_4 + H_2 \rightarrow C_2H_6\) Reactant: Ethene Product: Ethane b. Monohalogenated Alkane Example reaction: \(CH_4 + Cl_2 \rightarrow CH_3Cl + HCl\) Reactant: Methane Product: Chloromethane c. Dihalogenated Alkane Example reaction: \(CH_3Cl + Cl_2 \rightarrow CH_2Cl_2 + HCl\) Reactant: Chloromethane Product: Dichloromethane d. Tetrahalogenated Alkane Example final reaction: \(CH_4 + 4Cl_2 \rightarrow CCl_4 + 4HCl\) Reactant: Methane Product: Carbon Tetrachloride e. Monohalogenated Benzene Example reaction: \(C_6H_6 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5Cl + HCl\) Reactant: Benzene Product: Chlorobenzene f. Alkene Example reaction: \(C_2H_5Br + KOH \rightarrow C_2H_4 + KBr + H_2O\) Reactant: Bromoethane Product: Ethene

Step by step solution

01

a. Alkane

A reaction that would yield an alkane is hydrogenation of an alkene. In this example, we can use ethene (C2H4) and hydrogen gas (H2) as reactants, which form ethane (C2H6) as the product. Example reaction: \(C_2H_4 + H_2 \rightarrow C_2H_6\) Reactant: Ethene Product: Ethane
02

b. Monohalogenated Alkane

A reaction that would yield a monohalogenated alkane is the free radical halogenation of an alkane. In this example, we can use methane (CH4) and chlorine (Cl2) as reactants, which form chloromethane (CH3Cl) as the product. Example reaction: \(CH_4 + Cl_2 \rightarrow CH_3Cl + HCl\) Reactant: Methane Product: Chloromethane
03

c. Dihalogenated Alkane

A reaction that would yield a dihalogenated alkane is the multiple halogenation of an alkane. In this example, we can use chloromethane (CH3Cl) produced in the previous reaction and chlorine (Cl2) as reactants, which form dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) as the product. Example reaction: \(CH_3Cl + Cl_2 \rightarrow CH_2Cl_2 + HCl\) Reactant: Chloromethane Product: Dichloromethane
04

d. Tetrahalogenated Alkane

A reaction that would yield a tetrahalogenated alkane continues the halogenation process. In this example, we can use carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) as a product and achieve it through several halogenation steps with chlorine (Cl2). Example final reaction: \(CH_4 + 4Cl_2 \rightarrow CCl_4 + 4HCl\) Reactant: Methane Product: Carbon Tetrachloride
05

e. Monohalogenated Benzene

A reaction that would yield a monohalogenated benzene is the electrophilic aromatic substitution of benzene. In this example, we can use benzene (C6H6) and chlorine (Cl2) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst like aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as reactants, which form chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) as the product. Example reaction: \(C_6H_6 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5Cl + HCl\) Reactant: Benzene Product: Chlorobenzene
06

f. Alkene

A reaction that would yield an alkene is the dehydrohalogenation of a monohalogenated alkane. In this example, we can use a monohalogenated alkane like bromoethane (C2H5Br) in the presence of a strong base such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), which leads to the formation of ethene (C2H4) as the product. Example reaction: \(C_2H_5Br + KOH \rightarrow C_2H_4 + KBr + H_2O\) Reactant: Bromoethane Product: Ethene

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A confused student was doing an isomer problem and listed the following six names as different structural isomers of \(\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{16}\) a. 1 -sec-butylpropane b. 4 -methylhexane c. 2 -ethylpentane d. 1 -ethyl-1-methylbutane e. 3 -methylhexane f. 4 -ethylpentane How many different structural isomers are actually present in these six names?

Polycarbonates are a class of thermoplastic polymers that are used in the plastic lenses of eyeglasses and in the shells of bicycle helmets. A polycarbonate is made from the reaction of bisphenol A (BPA) with phosgene \(\left(\mathrm{COCl}_{2}\right)\) : Phenol \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\right)\) is used to terminate the polymer (stop its growth). a. Draw the structure of the polycarbonate chain formed from the above reaction. b. Is this reaction a condensation or an addition polymerization?

Choose one of the following terms to match the description given in statements (1)-(17). All of the following pertain to proteins or carbohydrates. a. aldohexose g. disaccharides \(\mathbf{m}\). ketohexoses b. saliva h. disulfide n. oxytocin c. cellulose i. globular o. pleated sheet d. \(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) j. glycogen p. polypeptide e. cysteine k. glycoside linkage q. primary f. denaturation 1\. hydrophobic structure (1) polymer consisting of many amino acids (2) linkage that forms between two cysteine species (3) peptide hormone that triggers milk secretion (4) proteins with roughly spherical shape (5) sequence of amino acids in a protein (6) silk protein secondary structure (7) water-repelling amino acid side chain (8) amino acid responsible for permanent wave in hair (9) breakdown of a protein's tertiary and/or secondary structure (10) animal polymer of glucose (11) \(-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{C}-\) bond between rings in disaccharide sugars (12) empirical formula leading to the name carbohydrate (13) where enzymes catalyzing the breakdown of glycoside linkages are found (14) six-carbon ketone sugars (15) structural component of plants, polymer of glucose (16) sugars consisting of two monomer units (17) six-carbon aldehyde sugars

Give two examples of saturated hydrocarbons. How many other atoms are bonded to each carbon in a saturated hydrocarbon?

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