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Chapter 7: Problem 104

How many unpaired electrons are present in each of the following in the ground state: \(\mathrm{O}, \mathrm{O}^{+}, \mathrm{O}^{-}, \mathrm{Os}, \mathrm{Zr}, \mathrm{S}, \mathrm{F}\), Ar?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The number of unpaired electrons in each atom/ion in their ground state is as follows: O: 2; O⁺: 1; O⁻: 1; Os: 2; Zr: 0; S: 2; F: 1; and Ar: 0.

Step by step solution

01

Atomic Numbers

To determine the atomic number (Z), consult a periodic table. The atomic number corresponds to the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom. \(\mathrm{O}\): Atomic number (Z) = 8 \(\mathrm{O}^+\): Z = 8, but since it has a +1 charge, it has one less electron, so 7 electrons. \(\mathrm{O}^-\): Z = 8, but since it has a -1 charge, it has one additional electron, so 9 electrons. \(\mathrm{Os}\): Z = 76 \(\mathrm{Zr}\): Z = 40 \(\mathrm{S}\): Z = 16 \(\mathrm{F}\): Z = 9 \(\mathrm{Ar}\): Z = 18 **Step 2: Write electron configurations**
02

Electron Configurations

Using the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and Pauli exclusion principle, we can write the electron configurations for each atom/ion. \(\mathrm{O}\): 1s²2s²2p⁴ \(\mathrm{O}^+\): 1s²2s²2p³ \(\mathrm{O}^-\): 1s²2s²2p⁵ \(\mathrm{Os}\): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d⁶ \(\mathrm{Zr}\): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d² \(\mathrm{S}\): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴ \(\mathrm{F}\): 1s²2s²2p⁵ \(\mathrm{Ar}\): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶ **Step 3: Count the unpaired electrons**
03

Unpaired Electrons

Look for unpaired electrons in each electron configuration. \(\mathrm{O}\): 2p⁴ contains two unpaired electrons (↑↓, ↑, ↑). \(\mathrm{O}^+\): 2p³ contains one unpaired electron (↑↓, ↑, ↑). \(\mathrm{O}^-\): 2p⁵ contains one unpaired electron (↑↓, ↑↓, ↑). \(\mathrm{Os}\): 5d⁶ contains two unpaired electrons (↑↔, ↑↔, ↑↔, ↑, ↑, -). \(\mathrm{Zr}\): 4d² contains no unpaired electrons (↑↓, -). \(\mathrm{S}\): 3p⁴ contains two unpaired electrons (↑↓, ↑, ↑). \(\mathrm{F}\): 2p⁵ contains one unpaired electron (↑↓, ↑↓, ↑). \(\mathrm{Ar}\): No unpaired electrons. Therefore, the number of unpaired electrons in each atom/ion is: O: 2; O⁺: 1; O⁻: 1; Os: 2; Zr: 0; S: 2; F: 1; and Ar: 0

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Most popular questions from this chapter

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