What is a functional group? List some examples.

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which includes not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. This scientific discipline covers a vast number of substances, with new molecules being synthesized regularly in the lab as well as being discovered in nature.

At its core, organic chemistry looks at the myriad ways carbon atoms can be arranged and interconnected to form everything from simple compounds like methane (\( CH_4 \)) to complex polymers and DNA. A key aspect of organic chemistry is understanding how the arrangement of atoms in a molecular framework affects the properties and behavior of the compound, and this is where functional groups enter the story.

Chemical reactions are processes that lead to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. In organic chemistry, reactions often occur when reactants come together to form new products through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. These reactions are governed by the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics, dictating the feasibility and the rate at which they occur.

Organic reactions can be classified into many categories such as addition, substitution, elimination, and rearrangement reactions. These categories are further defined by the specific changes occurring at the molecular level and can depend heavily on the presence of functional groups. Functional groups serve as the reactive centers within the molecule, where chemical reactions predominantly take place.

Functional groups in organic chemistry are specific clusters of atoms within molecules that have characteristic properties. They behave in a predictable way, largely independent of the rest of the molecule's structure. This is due to the electronic and chemical properties inherent to the set of atoms in the functional group.

Some common functional groups include:

• Hydroxyl group (\( -OH \)): found in alcohols, making them polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds.
• Carbonyl group (\( >C=O \)): a feature of ketones and aldehydes, it makes the compound more reactive at the carbon atom due to the polarization of the double bond.
• Carboxyl group (\( -COOH \)): present in carboxylic acids, and responsible for acidity due to the ability to donate a proton (H+).
• Amino group (\( -NH_2 \)): found in amines, affects basicity and ability to form bonds with acids.
• Phosphate group (\( -PO_4 \)): seen in DNA and ATP, it imparts high-energy characteristics and an ability to participate in phosphorylation reactions.

Recognizing these functional groups is critical for understanding the chemical behavior of organic compounds, and for predicting the types of reactions they might undergo.