It took \(150 .\) s for a current of 1.25 A to plate out 0.109 g of a metal from a solution containing its cations. Show that it is not possible for the cations to have a charge of \(1+.\)

Faraday's constant plays a crucial role in the field of electrochemistry, providing a bridge between the macroscopic observables that we can measure (like current and time) and the microscopic events at the atomic level (like the transfer of electrons).

It is defined as the amount of electric charge per mole of electrons. To put it simply, Faraday's constant, denoted as F, tells us how many coulombs of charge are needed to move one mole of electrons through a circuit. The accepted value of F is approximately 96,485 coulombs per mole (C/mol).

Understanding Faraday's constant is essential for calculating the amount of a substance that undergoes oxidation or reduction at the electrodes during electrolysis. By dividing the total electric charge by Faraday's constant, we obtain the number of moles of electrons that have been transferred in the process. This calculation is fundamental to solving problems related to the mass of substances deposited or dissolved in electrochemical reactions, as seen in the textbook exercise solution provided.

The molar mass of a substance is another pivotal concept in chemistry, particularly when examining reactions that involve the transfer of mass. It represents the mass of one mole of a substance and is typically expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

The importance of molar mass in electrochemistry arises when we need to convert between the amount of substance in moles and the corresponding mass in grams. With a known molar mass, we can determine how much mass corresponds to a specific number of moles.

For the electroplating exercise, the molar mass is the missing link that, once known, allows us to conclude whether the given metal could indeed have a charge of +1 based on the mass of metal deposited. Given that the theoretical mass calculated under this assumption did not correspond to a known metal capable of forming a +1 ion, we can infer that the assumed charge was incorrect.

Metal cations are positively charged ions that form when metal atoms lose electrons. The charge on a metal cation is indicative of the number of electrons a metal atom has donated to achieve a stable electron configuration. Metal ions are ubiquitous in electrochemical reactions, where they often undergo reduction to form solid metal deposits.

In the context of our exercise, cations in solution were reduced to form a metal during the electroplating process. The charge on these cations is directly related to the stoichiometry of the reaction—specifically, the number of electrons needed to neutralize one ion. Common metal cation charges are +1, +2, or +3, but can be higher for some metals. The incorrect assumption of a 1+ charge for the metal ion in the exercise would imply a certain behavior during electrolysis, which, as deduced from the molar mass and the practical outcome, was not consistent.

The relationship between charge and mass in electrochemical processes is dictated by the stoichiometry of the reaction taking place at the electrodes. When we talk about this relationship, we are referring to how the charge carried by electrons relates to the mass of the substance being deposited or dissolved.

For a given amount of charge passed through an electrolyte, Faraday's laws of electrolysis help us understand the quantity of a substance transformed at an electrode. Specifically, it states that the amount of substance reacted is directly proportional to the total charge that flows through the system. By incorporating Faraday's constant, we bridge the gap between the macroscopic flow of charge and its microscopic effect in terms of moles of electrons influenced.

In the solution to the exercise we examined, it was crucial to understand this relationship to determine if the assumption of a 1+ charge for the cations was plausible. The final calculation, using the mass of metal deposited and the determined number of moles of electrons transferred, was key in concluding that this charge did not align with the known behaviors of metal cations.