How many valence electrons do each of the following elements have, and what are the specific valence electrons for each element? a. Ca b. O c. element 117 d. In e. Ar f. Bi

Locate the elements in the periodic table using their symbols. Note down their group numbers which will help in determining the valence electrons.

For most elements (except transition metals and inner transition metals), the group number (also called the family number) indicates the number of valence electrons. For example, elements in Group 1 have 1 valence electron, Group 2 elements have 2 valence electrons, and so on. Now, let's determine the valence electrons for the given elements. a. Calcium (Ca) is in Group 2. Therefore, it has 2 valence electrons (specifically 4s^2). b. Oxygen (O) is in Group 16. As Group 16 is called the chalcogens (also known as Group 6A), oxygen has 6 valence electrons (specifically 2s^2 2p^4). c. Element 117, Tennessine (Ts), is in Group 17, which is also known as the halogens (Group 7A). It has 7 valence electrons (specifically 7s^2 7p^5). d. Indium (In) is in Group 13, which is also called the boron family (Group 3A). It has 3 valence electrons (specifically 5s^2 5p^1). e. Argon (Ar) is in Group 18, known as the noble gases (Group 8A). It has 8 valence electrons (specifically 3s^2 3p^6). f. Bismuth (Bi) is in Group 15, known as the pnictogens (Group 5A). It has 5 valence electrons (specifically 6s^2 6p^3).