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Chapter 21: Problem 110

The change of a single base in the DNA sequence for normal hemoglobin can encode for the abnormal hemoglobin giving rise to sickle cell anemia. Which base in the codon for glu in DNA is replaced to give the codon(s) for val? (See Exercises 93 and \(109 .\) )

Short Answer

Expert verified
In conclusion, the base substitution responsible for sickle cell anemia is the replacement of adenine (A) with uracil (U) in the second position of the Glu codon. This change results in the codons GAA (Glu) → GUA (Val) and GAG (Glu) → GUG (Val), which contribute to the formation of sickle-shaped blood cells.

Step by step solution

01

Identify codons for Glu and Val

The first step is to determine the codon(s) for glutamic acid (Glu) and valine (Val). Codons are sequences of three nucleotide bases in the DNA that code for specific amino acids. We can consult a genetic code table to identify the codons for Glu and Val. For Glu, the codons are: GAA and GAG For Val, the codons are: GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG.
02

Identify the base substitution

Now, we need to identify which base substitution in the codon for Glu results in the codon(s) for Val. This will help us understand how a single base change can lead to sickle cell anemia. Looking at the codons for Glu (GAA and GAG) and Val (GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG), we can see that changing the second base in the Glu codon from A to U results in a codon for Val. Specifically: GAA (Glu) → GUA (Val) GAG (Glu) → GUG (Val)
03

Identify the base that is replaced

Based on the analysis in Step 2, we can now determine which base in the codon for glutamic acid (Glu) is replaced to give the codon(s) for valine (Val) and subsequently gives rise to sickle cell anemia. The base that is replaced is the second base, adenine (A), with uracil (U) in the codon for Glu. This results in the following changes: GAA (Glu) → GUA (Val) GAG (Glu) → GUG (Val) In conclusion, the base substitution responsible for the production of abnormal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia is the replacement of adenine (A) with uracil (U) in the second position of the Glu codon. This change results in the codon(s) for valine (Val), which contributes to the formation of sickle-shaped blood cells.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Explain why methyl alcohol is soluble in water in all proportions, while stearyl alcohol \(\left[\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{16} \mathrm{OH}\right]\) is a waxy solid that is not soluble in water.

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Consider the following reactions. For parts \(\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{d},\) see Exer cise 62 a. When \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12}\) is reacted with \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(g)\) in the presence of ultraviolet light, four different monochlorination products form. What is the structure of \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12}\) in this reaction? b. When \(C_{4} H_{8}\) is reacted with \(H_{2} O\), a tertiary alcohol is produced as the major product. What is the structure of \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{8}\) in this reaction? c. When \(\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{12}\) is reacted with HCl, 1 -chloro- 1 -methylcyclo hexane is produced as the major product. What are the two possible structures for \(\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{12}\) in this reaction? d. When a hydrocarbon is reacted with \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) and the major product of this reaction is then oxidized, acetone (2-propanone) is produced. What is the structure of the hydrocarbon in this reaction? e. When \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}\) is oxidized, a carboxylic acid is produced. What are the possible structures for \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}\) in this reaction?

Name all the alcohols that have the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}\). How many ethers have the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O} ?\)

Choose one of the following terms to match the description 1 given in statements \((1)-(17) .\) All of the following pertain to proteins or carbohydrates. a. aldohexose b. saliva c. cellulose d. \(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) e. cysteine f. denaturation g. disaccharides h. disulfide i. globular j. glycogen k. glycoside linkage I. hydrophobic m. ketohexoses n. oxytocin o. pleated sheet p. polypeptide q. primary structure (1) polymer consisting of many amino acids (2) linkage that forms between two cysteine species (3) peptide hormone that triggers milk secretion (4) proteins with roughly spherical shape (5) sequence of amino acids in a protein (6) silk protein secondary structure (7) water-repelling amino acid side chain (8) amino acid responsible for permanent wave in hair (9) breakdown of a protein's tertiary and/or secondary structure (10) animal polymer of glucose (11) \(-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{C}-\) bond between rings in disaccharide sugars (12) empirical formula leading to the name carbohydrate (13) where enzymes catalyzing the breakdown of glycoside linkages are found (14) six-carbon ketone sugars (15) structural component of plants, polymer of glucose (16) sugars consisting of two monomer units (17) six-carbon aldehyde sugars
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