A sealed balloon is filled with \(1.00 \mathrm{L}\) helium at \(23^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and 1.00 atm. The balloon rises to a point in the atmosphere where the pressure is \(220 .\) torr and the temperature is \(-31^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is the change in volume of the balloon as it ascends from \(1.00\) atm to a pressure of \(220 .\) torr?

The gas constant, often represented by the symbol 'R', is a crucial value in the Ideal Gas Law equation, which relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas. Its value depends on the units used for pressure and volume. For instance, when pressure is measured in atmospheres (atm) and volume in liters (L), R equals approximately 0.0821 L·atm·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹. However, in problems where pressure is given in torr, the value of R is usually taken as 62.364 L·torr·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹.
Understanding the correct value of R is essential for solving problems involving gas laws. Incorrect R can lead to an error in calculating the number of moles, pressure, volume, or temperature of the gas. Therefore, it's always important to double-check the units given for pressure and volume and to correspondingly adjust the value of R used in calculations.

The Ideal Gas Law requires the use of absolute temperatures for accurate calculations. This means temperatures must be converted into Kelvin (K) from degrees Celsius (°C) before they're used in gas law equations. The conversion formula is simple:
Kelvin = Degrees Celsius + 273.15
By using Kelvin, we ensure that our temperature readings reflect the absolute temperature, which is crucial in calculating gas properties correctly. Negative temperatures in Celsius result in lower Kelvin temperatures, which correspond to the decrease of kinetic energy in the gas particles, affecting the gas volume and pressure calculations.

The term 'moles of gas' refers to the amount of substance or the quantity of gas particles present in a container. One mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles, which is approximately 6.022×10²³ particles. This principle allows us to connect the microscopic behavior of gas molecules with macroscopic physical properties that we can measure.
When we talk about the moles of gas in the context of the Ideal Gas Law, we encounter the variable 'n'. Calculating the moles of gas involves rearranging the Ideal Gas Law (PV=nRT) to solve for 'n', thus providing a direct relationship between the pressure, volume, temperature of the gas, and the amount of gas in moles. Understanding this relationship is vital for predicting how a gas will behave under different conditions.

The volume of a gas is directly related to the pressure and temperature conditions in which the gas is found. According to the Ideal Gas Law, if the temperature increases and pressure remains constant, the volume of the gas will also increase. Conversely, if the gas is at a higher pressure and the temperature remains constant, the volume will decrease.
In the context of our solved problem, the balloon's volume change is observed as it rises in the atmosphere. Because of the altitude increase, there's a decrease in atmospheric pressure and a drop in temperature. According to the Ideal Gas Law, such changes can result in an increase or decrease in gas volume depending on the extent of temperature and pressure changes. Therefore, understanding how these factors impact gas volume is essential for accurately calculating the change in conditions, just as we computed the balloon's volume adjustment from ground level to altitude.