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Chapter 9: Problem 11

Why does water evaporate?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Water evaporates due to the constant motion of its molecules and their capability to overcome intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonds, when they possess sufficient kinetic energy. This process is greatly influenced by factors like temperature, surface area, wind, and humidity. Higher temperatures provide more kinetic energy for molecules to escape the liquid phase, while larger surface areas, wind, and dry air also contribute to a higher rate of evaporation.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the state of matter and its properties

First, let's briefly talk about the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. In a solid state, particles are tightly packed together and have very limited movement. In a liquid state, particles have more space to move and can slide past each other. In a gaseous state, particles have even more freedom to move and are spread out over a larger area. These different states influence the behavior and properties of a substance, such as evaporation.
02

Define evaporation

Evaporation is the process by which a liquid turns into a gas, and specifically refers to this transition occurring at the surface of the liquid. Some liquid molecules obtain enough kinetic energy to break free from the intermolecular forces (that keep them in a liquid state, such as hydrogen bonds in the case of water), allowing them to escape into the air as individual gas molecules.
03

Discuss the molecular mechanism behind evaporation

Molecules in a liquid are constantly in motion and bumping into each other. When a molecule has enough kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular forces holding it to its neighbors, it can escape from the liquid phase to the gas phase. The energy required for this transition, known as the heat of vaporization, is specific to each substance. In the case of water, this value is approximately 40.8 kJ/mol.
04

Explain the role of temperature

Temperature plays a crucial role in the evaporation process. At higher temperatures, there is more kinetic energy available, which increases the likelihood that a molecule will have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase. This is why water tends to evaporate more quickly on a hot day compared to a cold day.
05

Discuss the influence of other factors

Other factors also influence the rate of evaporation, such as the liquid's surface area (larger surface area leads to more evaporation), the presence of wind (which can carry away evaporated molecules and prevent them from returning to the liquid), and the relative humidity of the surrounding air (drier air can absorb more moisture, thus enhancing evaporation). In conclusion, water evaporates due to the constant motion of water molecules and their ability to overcome intermolecular forces when they have adequate kinetic energy. This process is influenced by various factors, including temperature, surface area, wind, and humidity.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Atoms are assumed to touch in closest packed structures, yet every closest packed unit cell contains a significant amount of empty space. Why?

What type of solid will each of the following substances form? a. \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{SiO}_{2}\) c. \(\mathrm{Si}\) d. \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\) e. \(\mathbf{R} \mathbf{u}\) f. \(\mathrm{I}_{2}\)

Predict which substance in each of the following pairs would have the greater intermolecular forces. a. \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{OCS}\) b. \(\operatorname{SeO}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\) \(\mathbf{c .} \cdot \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{NCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) d. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{3}\) or \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}\) e. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\) or \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}\)

A \(20.0-\mathrm{g}\) sample of ice at \(-10.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is mixed with \(100.0 \mathrm{g}\) water at \(80.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Calculate the final temperature of the mixture assuming no heat loss to the surroundings. The heat capacities of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(s)\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)\) are 2.03 and \(4.18 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{g} \cdot^{\circ} \mathrm{C},\) respectively, and the enthalpy of fusion for ice is \(6.02 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\).

The radius of gold is \(144 \mathrm{pm},\) and the density is \(19.32 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) Does elemental gold have a face-centered cubic structure or a body-centered cubic structure?
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