Compare and contrast the structures of the following solids. a. diamond versus graphite b. silica versus silicates versus glass

Diamond and graphite are both allotropes of carbon, which means they are composed of the same element but have different structures and properties. Step 1: Describe the structure of diamond In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four neighboring carbon atoms in a strong tetrahedral lattice structure. This structure creates a rigid, three-dimensional network in which carbon atoms are sp^3 hybridized. Step 2: Describe the structure of graphite In graphite, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three neighboring carbon atoms, forming planar hexagonal arrangements. These hexagonal layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces, allowing the layers to easily slide past each other. Carbon atoms in graphite are sp^2 hybridized. Step 3: Contrast diamond and graphite structures Compared to diamond, graphite's layers can slide past each other easily due to the weak van der Waals forces between them, leading to different properties such as lubricity and electrical conductivity. On the other hand, diamond's tetrahedral structure makes it a very strong, rigid, and optically transparent material with excellent thermal conductivity but poor electrical conductivity.

Silica, silicates, and glass are all composed of silicon and oxygen in varying proportions and arrangements. Step 1: Describe the structure of silica Silica (SiO_2) is a covalent network solid, where each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. In turn, each oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms, creating a three-dimensional network. Step 2: Describe the structure of silicates Silicates are a group of minerals containing silicon, oxygen, and one or more additional elements such as aluminum, iron, or magnesium. The basic structural unit of silicates is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO_4)^4-. These tetrahedra can combine in various ways, such as single tetrahedra, chains, sheets, or frameworks, while metal ions occupy the spaces between them, providing overall charge balance. Step 3: Describe the structure of glass Glass is an amorphous solid, which means its structure is not ordered or crystalline. The most common type of glass, soda-lime glass, consists mainly of silica, mixed with compounds such as Na_2O, CaO, and Al_2O_3, which modify its properties by weakening the silica network. These additives disrupt the silicon-oxygen network creating a more random structure compared to the ordered arrangement in silica. Step 4: Contrast silica, silicates, and glass structures While silica and silicates both feature a silicon-oxygen network, silicates have additional elements and varying arrangements of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedra. In contrast, glass has a more random, amorphous structure due to the presence of non-bridging oxygen atoms introduced by modifying additives which disrupt the ordered network found in silica and most silicate minerals. The differences in their structures lead to differing mechanical, thermal, and optical properties.