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Chapter 16: Q16.60P (page 731)
At , what is the fraction of collisions with energy equal to or greater than an activation energy of 100. kJ/mol?
The fraction of collisions is equal to
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Give two reasons to measure initialrates in a kinetic study.
Consider the following organic reaction, in which one halogen replaces another in an alkyl halide:
In acetone, this particular reaction goes to completion because KI is soluble in acetone but KBr is not. In the mechanism, I approach the carbon opposite to the Br (see Figure 16.19, with
instead of OH- ). After Br- has been replaced by and precipitates as KBr, other I ions react with the ethyl iodide by the same mechanism.
(a) If we designate the carbon bonded to the halogen as C-1, what are the shapes around C-1 and the hybridization of C-1 in ethyl iodide?
(b) In the transition state, one of the two lobes of the unhybridized 2p orbital of C-1 overlaps a p orbital of I, while the other lobe overlaps a p orbital of Br. What are the shape around C-1 and the hybridization of C-1 in the transition state?
(c) The deuterated reactant, (where D is deuterium, 2 H), has two optical isomers because C-1 is chiral. If the reaction is run with one of the isomers, the ethyl iodide is not optically active. Explain
Explain why the coefficients of an elementary step equal the reaction orders of its rate law but those of an overall reaction do not.
Iodide ion reacts with chloromethane to displace chloride ion in a common organic substitution reaction:
(a) Draw a wedge-bond structure of chloroform and indicate the most effective direction of attack.
(b) The analogous reaction with 2-chlorobutane [Figure P16.107(b)] results in a major change in specific rotation as measured by polarimetry. Explain, showing a wedge-bond structure of the product.
(c) Under different conditions, 2-chlorobutane loses in a rate-determining step to form a planar intermediate [Figure P16.107(c)]. This cationic species reacts with HI and then loses H to form a product that exhibits no optical activity. Explain, showing a wedge-bond structure.
Reaction rate is expressed in terms of changes in the concentration of reactants and products. Write a balanced equation for
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