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Chapter 4: Q4.2P (page 140)
What two factors cause water to be polar?
The two factors that cause water to be polar are: the bent shape of a water molecule and its polar bonds.
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Water “softeners” remove metal ions such as and by replacing them with enough ions to maintain the same number of positive charges in the solution. If 1.0 x 103 L of “hard” water is 0.015 M and 0.0010 M how many moles of are needed to replace these ions?
The salinityof a solution is defined as the grams of total salts per kilogram of solution. An agricultural chemist uses a solution whose salinity is 35.0 g/kg to test the effect of irrigating farmland with high-salinity river water. The two solutes are NaCl and MgSO4, and there are twice as many moles of NaCl as MgSO4. What masses of NaCl and MgSO4are contained in 1.00 kg of the solution?
With ions shown as spheres and solvent molecules omitted for clarity, the circle (right) illustrates the solid formed when a solution containing is mixed with one containing
(a) Identify the solid.
(b) Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction.
(c) If each sphere represents of ion, what mass of product forms?
Question: Over time, as their free fatty acid (FFA) content increases, edible fats and oils become rancid. To measure rancidity, the fat or oil is dissolved in ethanol, and any FFA present is titrated with KOH dissolved in ethanol. In a series of tests on olive oil, a stock solution of 0.050 M ethanolic KOH was prepared at 250C , stored at 0oC, and then placed in a 100-mL buret to titrate any oleic acid present in the oil. Each of four 10.00-g samples of oil took several minutes to titrate: the first required 19.60 mL, the second 19.80 mL, and the third and fourth 20.00 mL of the ethanolic KOH.
(a) What is the apparent acidity of each sample, in terms of mass % of oleic acid? (Note: As the ethanolic KOH warms in the buret, its volume increases by a factor of .)
(b) Is the variation in acidity a random or systematic error? Explain.
(c) What is the actual acidity? How would you demonstrate this?
Give the oxidation number of nitrogen in the following:
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