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Chapter 2: Q39E (page 123)
Using the periodic table, identify the lightest member of each of the following groups:
(a) noble gases
(b) alkaline earth metals
(c) alkali metals
(d) chalcogens
a. Helium
b. Beryllium
c. Lithium
d. Oxygens
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Give the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in neutral atoms of each of the following isotopes:
\(\begin{aligned}{}\begin{aligned}{{}{}}{\left( a \right){\rm{ }}{}_5^{10}B}\\{\left( b \right){\rm{ }}{}_{80}^{199}Hg}\\{\left( c \right){\rm{ }}{}_{29}^{63}Cu}\\{\left( d \right){\rm{ }}{}_6^{13}C}\end{aligned}\\\left( e \right){\rm{ }}{}_{34}^{77}Se\end{aligned}\)
Predict and test the behaviour of α particles fired at a Rutherford atom model.
(a) Predict the paths taken by α particles that are fired at atoms with a Rutherford atom model structure. Explain why you expect the α particles to take these paths.
(b) If α particles of higher energy than those in (a) are fired at Rutherford atoms, predict how their paths will differ from the lower-energy α particle paths. Explain your reasoning.
(c) Predict how the paths taken by the α particles will differ if they are fired at Rutherford atoms of elements other than gold. What factor do you expect to cause this difference in paths, and why?
(d) Now test your predictions from (a), (b), and (c).
Open the Rutherford Scattering simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetScatter) and select the “Rutherford Atom” tab. Due to the scale of the simulation, it is best to start with a small nucleus, so select “20” for both protons and neutrons, “min” for energy, show traces, and then start firing α particles. Does this match your prediction from (a)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Pause or reset, set energy to “max,” and start firing α particles. Does this match your prediction from (b)? If not, explain the effect of increased energy on the actual path as shown in the simulation. Pause or reset, select “40” for both protons and neutrons, “min” for energy, show traces, and fire away. Does this match your prediction from (c)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Repeat this with larger numbers of protons and neutrons. What generalization can you make regarding the type of atom and effect on the path of α particles? Be clear and specific.
Determine the empirical formulas for the following compounds.
a. acetic acid, C2H4O2
b. citric acid, C6H8O7
c. hydrazine, N2H4
d. nicotine, C10H14N2
e. butane, C4H10
Click on the site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetAtomMass) and select the “Mix Isotopes” tab, hide the “Percent Composition” and “Average Atomic Mass” boxes, and then select the element boron.
(a) Write the symbols of the isotopes of boron that are shown as naturally occurring in significant amounts.
(b) Predict the relative amounts (percentages) of these boron isotopes found in nature. Explain the reasoning behind your choice.
(c) Add isotopes to the black box to make a mixture that matches your prediction in (b). You may drag isotopes fromtheir bins or click on “More” and then move the sliders to the appropriate amounts.
(d) Reveal the “Percent Composition” and “Average Atomic Mass” boxes. How well does your mixture match withyour prediction? If necessary, adjust the isotope amounts to match your prediction.
(e) Select “Nature’s” mix of isotopes and compare it to your prediction. How well does your prediction comparewith the naturally occurring mixture? Explain. If necessary, adjust your amounts to make them match “Nature’s”amounts as closely as possible.
Question: Write the formulas of the following compounds:
(a) rubidium bromide
(b) magnesium selenide
(c) sodium oxide
(d) calcium chloride
(e) hydrogen fluoride
(f) gallium phosphide
(g) aluminum bromide
(h) ammonium sulfate
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