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Chapter 2: Q39E (page 123)
Using the periodic table, identify the lightest member of each of the following groups:
(a) noble gases
(b) alkaline earth metals
(c) alkali metals
(d) chalcogens
a. Helium
b. Beryllium
c. Lithium
d. Oxygens
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Predict and test the behavior of α particles fired at a “plum pudding” model atom.
(a) Predict the paths taken by α particles that are fired at atoms with a Thomson’s plum pudding model structure. Explain why you expect the α particles to take these paths.
(b) If α particles of higher energy than those in (a) are fired at plum pudding atoms, predict how their paths will differ from the lower-energy α particle paths. Explain your reasoning.
(c) Now test your predictions from (a) and (b). Open the Rutherford Scattering simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetScatter) and select the “Plum Pudding Atom” tab. Set “Alpha Particles Energy” to “min,” and select “show traces.” Click on the gun to start firing α particles. Does this match your prediction from (a)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Hit the pause button, or “Reset All.” Set “Alpha Particles Energy” to “max,” and start firing α particles. Does this match your prediction from (b)? If not, explain the effect of increased energy on the actual paths as shown in the simulation.
Repeat Exercise 2.20 using an element that has three naturally occurring isotopes.
Samples of compound X, Y, and Z are analyzed, with results shown here.
Do these data provide example(s) of the law of definite proportions, the law of multiple proportions, neither, or both? What do these data tell you about compounds X, Y, and Z?
Determine the empirical formulas for the following compounds.
a. acetic acid, C2H4O2
b. citric acid, C6H8O7
c. hydrazine, N2H4
d. nicotine, C10H14N2
e. butane, C4H10
Write a symbol for each of the following neutral isotopes. Include the atomic number and mass number for each.
(a) the alkali metal with 11 protons and a mass number of 23
(b) the noble gas element with 75 neutrons in its nucleus and 54 electrons in the neutral atom
(c) the isotope with 33 protons and 40 neutrons in its nucleus
(d) the alkaline earth metal with 88 electrons and 138 neutrons
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