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Chapter 10: Q10.3-49 E (page 588)
Ethyl chloride is used as a local anesthetic. When the liquid is sprayed on the skin, it cools the skin enough to freeze and numb it. Explain the cooling effect of liquid ethyl chloride.
Ethyl chloride cools the skin enough to freeze and numb.
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Define the following and give an example of each:
(a) Dispersion Force
(b) Dipole-dipole Attraction
(c) Hydrogen Bond
On the basis of dipole moments and/or hydrogen bonding, explain in a qualitative way the differences in the boiling points of acetone \(\left( {{\bf{56}}.{\bf{2}}{\rm{ }}^\circ {\bf{C}}} \right)\)and \({\bf{1}}\)-propanol \(\left( {{\bf{97}}.{\bf{4}}{\rm{ }}^\circ {\bf{C}}} \right),\)which have similar molar masses.
Open the PhET States of Matter Simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16phetvisual) to answer the following questions:
(a) Select the Solid, Liquid, Gas tab. Explore by selecting different substances, heating and cooling the systems, and changing the state. What similarities do you notice between the four substances for each phase (solid, liquid, gas)? What differences do you notice?
(b) For each substance, select each of the states and record the given temperatures. How do the given temperatures for each state correlate with the strengths of their intermolecular attractions? Explain.
(c) Select the Interaction Potential tab, and use the default neon atoms. Move the Ne atom to the right and observe how the potential energy changes. Select the Total Force button, and move the Ne atom as before. When is the total force on each atom attractive and large enough to matter? Then select the Component Forces button, and move the Ne atom. When do the attractive (van der Waals) and repulsive (electron overlap) forces balance? How does this relate to the potential energy versus the distance between atoms graph? Explain.
What types of liquids typically form amorphous solids?
Proteins are chains of amino acids that can form in a variety of arrangements, one of which is a helix. What kind of IMF is responsible for holding the protein strand in this shape? On the protein image, show the locations of the IMFs that hold the protein together:
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