Identify any carbon atoms that change hybridization and the change in hybridization during the reactions in Exercise 20.51.

a) Reaction of 1-butanol with acetic acid

When acid and alcohol react together, they give an ester.

That ester has an acyl chain of an acid and an ester group of an alcohol, meaning that the product is butyl acetate.

Below are both types of reactions, with Lewis structures and condensed formulas.

In these reactions, water is another product because both OH and \(H\)are removed from these groups.

In this case, the hybridization change doesn't occur.

No group changes its molecular geometry, and more or fewer bonds are not made either.

b) Reaction of propionic acid with \(CaC{O_3}\)-

In this reaction, benzoic acid is an acid while\(CaCO{O_3}\)acts as a base. Thus it is an acid-base reaction.

Propionic acid loses its acidic proton and complexes with calcium. Since it's a bivalent cation, 2 molecules of propionic acid and anion are needed.

Another product is carbonic acid which decomposes to \(C{O_2}\)and \({H_2}O\) since it's an unstable acid.

In carbonate, there is a planar arrangement, and the whole structure is planar, which means that\(s{p^2}\)hybridization is present

By conversion to\(C{O_2},\)it gets 2 double bonds around that carbon atom

Carbon dioxide is a linear molecule, having two double bonds with two oxygen atoms, one with each.

This type of structure can only take linear configuration, which means hybridization is \(s p.\)