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Chapter 10: Problem 23

Choose the member of each set that you would expect to be more soluble in water. Explain your answer. (a) naphthalene, \(\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{8}\), or hydrogen peroxide, \(\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}\) (b) silicon dioxide or sodium hydroxide (c) chloroform, \(\mathrm{CHCl}_{3}\), or hydrogen chloride (d) methyl alcohol, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\), or methyl ether, \(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Naphthalene or Hydrogen peroxide? (b) Silicon dioxide or Sodium hydroxide? (c) Chloroform or Hydrogen chloride? (d) Methyl alcohol or Methyl ether? Answer: (a) Hydrogen peroxide (b) Sodium hydroxide (c) Hydrogen chloride (d) Methyl alcohol

Step by step solution

01

(a) Naphthalene vs Hydrogen peroxide

Naphthalene (\(\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{8}\)) is a nonpolar molecule with a hydrocarbon structure, meaning it will not readily form hydrogen bonds with water. Hydrogen peroxide (\(\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}\)) is a polar molecule with oxygen atoms capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide is more soluble in water.
02

(b) Silicon dioxide vs Sodium hydroxide

Silicon dioxide is a covalent network solid and is insoluble in water. Sodium hydroxide (\(\mathrm{NaOH}\)) is an ionic compound that readily dissociates into ions when dissolved in water, making it highly soluble. As a result, sodium hydroxide is more soluble in water.
03

(c) Chloroform vs Hydrogen chloride

Chloroform (\(\mathrm{CHCl}_{3}\)) is a polar molecule, but its ability to form hydrogen bonds is limited as the highly electronegative chlorine atoms have a stronger effect on the molecule. Hydrogen chloride (\(\mathrm{HCl}\)) is also a polar molecule, but when dissolved in water, it ionizes into \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\) and \(\mathrm{Cl}^{-}\) ions and forms strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Hence, hydrogen chloride is more soluble in water.
04

(d) Methyl alcohol vs Methyl ether

Methyl alcohol, or methanol (\(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\)), is a polar molecule with an oxygen atom that forms strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules, making it highly soluble in water. Methyl ether (\(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}\)) is also a polar molecule, but its ability to form hydrogen bonds with water is weaker as its central oxygen atom is unable to interact efficiently with the hydrogen atoms of water molecules. Thus, methyl alcohol is more soluble in water.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Arrange \(0.30 \mathrm{~m}\) solutions of the following solutes in order of increasing freezing point and boiling point. (a) \(\mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{3}\) (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\) (c) \(\mathrm{Ba}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\) (d) \(\mathrm{CaCr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}\)

Potassium permanganate can be used as a disinfectant. How would you prepare \(25.0 \mathrm{~L}\) of a solution that is \(15.0 \% \mathrm{KMnO}_{4}\) by mass if the resulting solution has a density of \(1.08 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\) ? What is the molarity of the resulting solution?

Which of the following is more soluble in \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4} ?\) In each case, explain your answer. (a) hexane \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{14}\right)\) or \(\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}\) (b) \(\mathrm{CBr}_{4}\) or \(\mathrm{HBr}\) (c) benzene \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}\right)\) or ethyl alcohol \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\right)\) (d) \(\mathrm{I}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{NaI}\)

What is the osmotic pressure of a \(0.250 \mathrm{M}\) solution of \(\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\) at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) ? (Assume complete dissociation.)

The Rast method uses camphor \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{16} \mathrm{O}\right)\) as a solvent for determining the molar mass of a compound. When \(2.50 \mathrm{~g}\) of cortisone acetate is dissolved in \(50.00 \mathrm{~g}\) of camphor \(\left(k_{\mathrm{f}}=40.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} / \mathrm{m}\right)\), the freezing point of the mixture is determined to be \(173.44^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\); that of pure camphor is \(178.40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is the molar mass of cortisone acetate?
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