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Chapter 9: Problem 36

What are the strongest attractive forces that must be overcome to (a) boil silicon hydride \(\mathrm{SiH}_{4} ?\) (b) vaporize calcium chloride? (c) dissolve \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) in carbon tetrachloride, \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4} ?\) (d) melt iodine?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: (a) In boiling SiH4, the van der Waals forces between the SiH4 molecules must be overcome. (b) To vaporize CaCl2, the ionic bonds between the calcium cations and chloride anions need to be broken. (c) In dissolving Cl2 in CCl4, the van der Waals forces between Cl2 and CCl4 molecules must be overcome. (d) To melt I2, the van der Waals forces between the I2 molecules need to be overcome.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Boiling Silicon Hydride (SiH4)

Silicon hydride has covalent bonds between silicon and hydrogen atoms. To boil SiH4, we need to overcome the van der Waals forces between the SiH4 molecules, as these are the main intermolecular forces. The stronger the van der Waals forces, the more energy is needed to overcome them.
02

(b) Vaporizing Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)

Calcium chloride is an ionic compound, comprised of calcium cations (Ca2+) and chloride anions (Cl-). In order to vaporize CaCl2, the ionic bonds between these ions must be broken. Ionic forces are stronger than covalent and van der Waals forces, so a significant amount of energy is required to vaporize CaCl2.
03

(c) Dissolving Chlorine (Cl2) in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)

Chlorine is a diatomic molecule composed of two covalently bonded chlorine atoms, while carbon tetrachloride is made up of a carbon atom bonded to four chlorine atoms. The intermolecular forces between Cl2 and CCl4 are the weak van der Waals forces. To dissolve Cl2 in CCl4, these van der Waals forces must be overcome.
04

(d) Melting Iodine (I2)

Iodine is a diatomic molecule formed by two covalently bonded iodine atoms. In solid iodine, the main intermolecular forces are van der Waals forces between the I2 molecules. To melt iodine, these van der Waals forces must be overcome, allowing the I2 molecules to move more freely in the liquid state.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The normal boiling point for methyl hydrazine \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{~N}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3}\right)\) is \(87^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). It has a vapor pressure of \(37.0 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}\) at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is the concentration (in \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}\) ) of methyl hydrazine if it saturates the air at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) ?

What are the strongest attractive forces that must be overcome to (a) boil silicon hydride \(\mathrm{SiH}_{4} ?\) (b) vaporize calcium chloride? (c) dissolve \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) in carbon tetrachloride, \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4} ?\) (d) melt iodine?

19\. Argon gas has its triple point at \(-189.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(516 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}\). It has a critical point at \(-122^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(48 \mathrm{~atm}\). The density of the solid is \(1.65 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) whereas that of the liquid is \(1.40 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\). Sketch the phase diagram for argon and use it to fill in the blanks below with the words "boils" "melts" "sublimes," or "condenses." (a) Solid argon at \(500 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg} \) when the temperature is increased. (b) Solid argon at 2 atm increased. (c) Argon gas at \(-150^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) when the pressure is increased. (d) Argon gas at \(-165^{\circ} \mathrm{C} \) when the pressure is increased.

Criticize or comment on each of the following statements. (a) Vapor pressure remains constant regardless of volume. (b) The only forces that affect boiling point are dispersion forces. (c) The strength of the covalent bonds within a molecule has no effect on the melting point of the molecular substance. (d) A compound at its critical temperature is always a gas regardless of pressure.

When the temperature drops from \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) to \(10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), the pressure of a cylinder of compressed \(\mathrm{N}_{2}\) drops by \(3.4 \%\). The same temperature change decreases the pressure of a propane \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8}\right)\) cylinder by \(42 \%\). Explain the difference in behavior.
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