What is fusion? Is fusion exothermic or endothermic? Why?

Fundamentally, exothermic reactions are chemical processes that release energy into their surroundings, usually in the form of heat. This is the key distinction between exothermic and endothermic reactions—the former give off energy, while the latter absorb it.

Think of an exothermic reaction like a cozy campfire. As the wood burns, energy stored in the chemical bonds of the wood is released, warming the surrounding area. In technical terms, the total enthalpy, or heat content, of the reactants is higher than that of the products. The difference in enthalpy results in the release of energy.

When it comes to nuclear fusion, which is the combining of light atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, it is a perfect example of an exothermic reaction on a nuclear scale. The fusion process releases a tremendous amount of energy, explaining why the sun and other stars shine so brightly. This energy, propagated as heat and light, arises from the transformation of mass into energy—a concept encapsulated by Einstein's famous equation.

One cannot discuss nuclear reactions without mentioning Einstein's equation, \(E = mc^2\). It elegantly captures the relationship between mass \((m)\) and energy \((E)\), with \(c\) representing the speed of light in a vacuum, approximately \(299,792,458\) meters per second.

This equation is a milestone of modern physics, signifying a groundbreaking concept: mass and energy are two forms of the same thing and can be converted into each other. Thus, in nuclear processes like fusion, a small amount of mass can be turned into a substantial amount of energy. The equation explains why the sun, through fusion, can continue to emit energy for billions of years—because even a tiny mass defect can yield an immense energy output.

The steps of nuclear fusion involve mass being converted into energy, which is the power source for stars, including our sun. The byproduct of this mass-to-energy conversion is the heat and radiation that make life on Earth possible.

Mass defect might sound like something's missing, but it's actually a key concept in understanding nuclear energy. It refers to the difference in mass between the component nucleons (protons and neutrons) when they're separate and when they're bound together in a nucleus.

The puzzling part is this: when nucleons bind together, the total mass of the nucleus is less than the sum of its parts. This is no magic trick; it's the physical manifestation of Einstein's equation in action. The 'missing' mass has been converted into binding energy, which glues the nucleus together. During nuclear fusion, when light nuclei fuse to form a more massive one, the mass defect becomes the energy that is released as radiation. This is why the sun shines and why fusion reactors, though still experimental, hold promise for a nearly limitless energy source.

Remember, while the mass defect might seem tiny, even an insignificant amount of mass can translate into a significant source of energy because the speed of light squared (\(c^2\)) is a massive number, amplifying the energy produced from the lost mass.