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Chapter 11: Problem 22

Which member in each pair has the stronger intermolecular dispersion forces: (a) \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\), (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SH}\) or \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SH},(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}\) or \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCl} ?\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
In each pair, the molecule with the stronger intermolecular dispersion forces are: (a) \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}\), (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SH}\), and (c) \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCl}\). This is due to their larger size, electron cloud, and polarizability compared to their counterparts.

Step by step solution

01

Pair (a) comparison: \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}\) vs \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\)

Since both molecules are homonuclear diatomic molecules, the primary difference between them is their size and electron cloud. A larger electron cloud is more easily polarizable, which leads to stronger dispersion forces. Bromine is larger than oxygen and has more electrons, so its electron cloud is larger. Thus, \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}\) has stronger dispersion forces than \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\).
02

Pair (b) comparison: \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SH}\) vs \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SH}\)

In this case, both molecules have similar functional groups (Sulfur-containing). The major difference between them is the length of their carbon chains. A longer carbon chain will lead to a larger surface area and polarization, thus resulting in stronger dispersion forces. Therefore, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SH}\) has stronger dispersion forces than \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SH}\).
03

Pair (c) comparison: \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}\) vs \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCl}\)

For this pair, both molecules have chlorine atoms, so the primary difference in their dispersion forces comes from the size and shape of the molecules. The molecule \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCl}\) has a more compact shape and two methyl groups, which make it more polarizable. Therefore, \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCl}\) has stronger dispersion forces than \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}\).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Referring to Figure 11.28 , describe all the phase changes that would occur in each of the following cases: (a) Water vapor originally at 0.005 atm and \(-0.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is slowly compressed at constant temperature until the final pressure is 20 atm. (b) Water originally at \(100.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(0.50 \mathrm{~atm}\) is cooled at constant pressure until the temperature is \(-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).

The smectic liquid crystalline phase can be said to be more highly ordered than the nematic phase. In what sense is this true?

(a) Distinguish between adhesive forces and cohesive forces. (b) What adhesive and cohesive forces are involved when a paper towel absorbs water? (c) Explain the cause for the U-shaped meniscus formed when water is in a glass tube.

(a) What atoms must a molecule contain to participate in hydrogen bonding with other molecules of the same kind? (b) Which of the following molecules can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of the same kind: \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{~F}, \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\), \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}, \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br} ?\)

Explain the following observations: (a) The surface tension of \(\mathrm{CHBr}_{3}\) is greater than that of \(\mathrm{CHCl}_{3} .\) (b) As temperature increases, oil flows faster through a narrow tube. (c) Raindrops that collect on a waxed automobile hood take on a nearly spherical shape. (d) Oil droplets that collect on a waxed automobile hood take on a flat shape.
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