A voltaic cell is constructed that uses the following reaction and operates at \(298 \mathrm{~K}\) : $$\mathrm{Zn}(s)+\mathrm{Ni}^{2+}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Zn}^{2+}(a q)+\mathrm{Ni}(s)$$ (a) What is the emf of this cell under standard conditions? (b) What is the emf of this cell when \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}^{2+}\right]=3.00 \mathrm{M}\) and \(\left[\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\right]=0.100 \mathrm{M} ?\) (c) What is the emf of the cell when \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}^{2+}\right]=0.200 \mathrm{M}\) and \(\left[\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\right]=0.900 \mathrm{M} ?\)

The Nernst equation is a fundamental tool in electrochemistry, providing a way to calculate the electromotive force (emf) of an electrochemical cell under non-standard conditions. Simply put, this equation allows us to predict how the voltage of a cell will change when the concentrations of the reactants and products vary from their standard state values.

The equation is expressed as:
\[E = E° - \frac{RT}{nF} \times \ln{Q}\]
In this formula, \(E\) is the emf of the voltaic cell, \(E°\) is the standard emf, \(R\) is the universal gas constant, \(T\) is the temperature in kelvin, \(n\) is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the reaction, \(F\) is Faraday's constant, and \(Q\) is the reaction quotient, which reflects the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations.

By applying this equation, we can see how the cell potential is influenced by temperature and the concentration of ions. The presence of the natural logarithm function in the Nernst equation shows that the relationship between concentrations and cell potential is logarithmic, not linear.

Standard reduction potentials, usually denoted as \(E°\), are a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to gain electrons and thereby be reduced. Each half-cell reaction in an electrochemical cell has its own standard reduction potential, and these can be found in published tables for various reactions.

These standard potentials are measured under standard conditions, which are typically 25°C (298 K), 1 atm of pressure, and 1 M concentration for each aqueous species involved in the reaction. The more positive the standard reduction potential, the greater the species' affinity for electrons. A species with a highly positive \(E°\) is likely to be a good oxidizing agent, while one with a negative \(E°\) would be a good reducing agent.

By comparing the standard reduction potentials of two half-cells, we can predict the direction of electron flow in the cell and calculate the cell's standard emf by subtracting the potential of the anode from that of the cathode. For instance, in the given exercise, the standard emf of the cell is calculated by subtracting the \(E°\) value of the zinc half-cell from that of the nickel half-cell.

Electrochemical cell reactions are the chemical processes that occur at the electrodes of an electrochemical cell, causing the flow of electrons through an external circuit. The cell is composed of two half-cells linked by a conductive material, with each half-cell containing an electrode and an electrolyte.

In a voltaic cell, or galvanic cell, the chemical reaction is spontaneous, driving the flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode. This flow of electrons provides electrical power that can be harnessed for external use. The oxidation half-reaction occurs at the anode, where electrons are released, while reduction occurs at the cathode, where electrons are gained.

Combining the half-reactions provides the overall cell reaction, as seen in the exercise, where zinc solid \( \text{Zn}(s) \) undergoes oxidation and nickel ions \( \text{Ni}^{2+}(aq) \) undergo reduction. The standard emf of the cell, calculated based on standard reduction potentials, indicates the maximum potential difference between electrodes when the concentrations of reactants and products are at standard conditions.