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Chapter 22: Problem 87

Ultrapure germanium, like silicon, is used in semiconductors. Germanium of "ordinary" purity is prepared by the hightemperature reduction of \(\mathrm{GeO}_{2}\) with carbon. The Ge is converted to \(\mathrm{GeCl}_{4}\) by treatment with \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) and then purified by distillation; \(\mathrm{GeCl}_{4}\) is then hydrolyzed in water to \(\mathrm{GeO}_{2}\) and reduced to the elemental form with \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\). The element is then zone refined. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the chemical transformations in the course of forming ultrapure Ge from \(\mathrm{GeO}_{2}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The balanced chemical equations for the formation of ultrapure Ge from GeO₂ are as follows: 1. Reduction of GeO₂ with carbon: \[ \mathrm{GeO}_2 + \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ge} + \mathrm{CO}_2 \] 2. Conversion of Ge to GeCl₄: \[ \mathrm{Ge} + 2\,\mathrm{Cl}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{GeCl}_4 \] 4. Hydrolysis of GeCl₄ in water: \[ \mathrm{GeCl}_4 + 2\,\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{GeO}_2 + 4\,\mathrm{HCl} \] 5. Reduction of GeO₂ with hydrogen: \[ \mathrm{GeO}_2 + 2\,\mathrm{H}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{Ge} + 2\,\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \]

Step by step solution

01

Reduction of GeO2 with carbon

In this step, GeO2 is reacted with carbon (C) at high temperature to produce Ge and carbon dioxide (CO2). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: \[ \mathrm{GeO}_2 + \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ge} + \mathrm{CO}_2 \]
02

Conversion of Ge to GeCl4

In this step, Ge is treated with chlorine gas (Cl2) to form germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: \[ \mathrm{Ge} + 2\,\mathrm{Cl}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{GeCl}_4 \]
03

Purification of GeCl4 by distillation

GeCl4 is purified by distillation, but there is no chemical reaction happening in this step. Hence, no balanced equation is needed for this step.
04

Hydrolysis of GeCl4 in water

In this step, GeCl4 reacts with water (H2O) to form germanium dioxide (GeO2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: \[ \mathrm{GeCl}_4 + 2\,\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{GeO}_2 + 4\,\mathrm{HCl} \]
05

Reduction of GeO2 with hydrogen

In this step, GeO2 is reduced to elemental germanium (Ge) by reacting with hydrogen gas (H2). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: \[ \mathrm{GeO}_2 + 2\,\mathrm{H}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{Ge} + 2\,\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \]
06

Zone refining of elemental Ge

Zone refining is a physical process and does not involve any chemical reaction. Therefore, no balanced equation is needed for this step. In summary, the complete process of forming ultrapure germanium from germanium dioxide involves several chemical reactions and purification steps. The balanced equations for these transformations are presented in Steps 1, 2, 4, and 5.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Manganese silicide has the empirical formula MnSi and melts at \(1280^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). It is insoluble in water but does dissolve in aqueous HF. (a) What type of compound do you expect MnSi to be: metallic, molecular, covalent-network, or ionic? (b) Write a likely balanced chemical equation for the reaction of \(\mathrm{MnSi}\) with concentrated aqueous \(\mathrm{HF}\).

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