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Chapter 24: Problem 14

What structural features help us identify a compound as (a) an alkane, (b) a cycloalkane, (c) an alkene, (d) an alkyne, (e) a saturated hydrocarbon, (f) an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The structural features that help identify hydrocarbons are: (a) Alkane: Presence of only single C-C bonds, general formula \(C_nH_{2n+2}\). (b) Cycloalkane: Closed ring structure with only single C-C bonds, general formula \(C_nH_{2n}\). (c) Alkene: At least one C=C bond, general formula \(C_nH_{2n}\). (d) Alkyne: At least one C≡C bond, general formula \(C_nH_{2n-2}\). (e) Saturated hydrocarbon: Only single C-C bonds and absence of double/triple bonds (e.g., alkanes, cycloalkanes). (f) Aromatic hydrocarbon: Flat ring structure with alternating single and double bonds following the Hückel rule (4n+2 π electrons).

Step by step solution

01

1. Identifying Alkane

An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which all carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds are single bonds. It has the general formula \(C_nH_{2n+2}\), where n is the number of carbons. To identify an alkane, look for the presence of only single C-C bonds and a corresponding number of hydrogen atoms.
02

2. Identifying Cycloalkane

A cycloalkane is a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a closed ring structure, and all C-C bonds in the ring are single bonds. Its general formula is \(C_nH_{2n}\), where n is the number of carbon atoms in the ring. To identify a cycloalkane, look for a closed ring structure containing only single C-C bonds.
03

3. Identifying Alkene

An alkene is a hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). Its general formula is \(C_nH_{2n}\), where n is the number of carbon atoms. To identify an alkene, look for the presence of a C=C bond in the molecule.
04

4. Identifying Alkyne

An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (C≡C). Its general formula is \(C_nH_{2n-2}\), where n is the number of carbon atoms. To identify an alkyne, look for the presence of a C≡C bond in the molecule.
05

5. Identifying Saturated Hydrocarbon

A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds, and there are no double or triple bonds. Alkanes and cycloalkanes are examples of saturated hydrocarbons. To identify a saturated hydrocarbon, look for the presence of only single C-C bonds and an absence of double or triple C-C bonds.
06

6. Identifying Aromatic Hydrocarbon

An aromatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with a planar (flat) ring structure containing alternating single and double bonds, which follow the Hückel rule of having 4n+2 π electrons in the ring, where n is a whole number. The most common example of an aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene, with the formula \(C_6H_6\). To identify an aromatic hydrocarbon, look for a flat ring structure with alternating single and double bonds that follow the Hückel rule.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Draw all the possible noncyclic structural isomers of \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10}\) Name each compound.

Write a condensed structural formula for each of the following: (a) an acid with the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}_{2},\) (b) a cyclic ketone with the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O},\) (c) a dihydroxy compound with the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}_{2},\) (d) a cyclic ester with the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}_{2}\).

Describe two ways in which the octane number of a gasoline consisting of alkanes can be increased.

Which of these molecules is unsaturated? [Section 24.3\(]\)

A typical amino acid with one amino group and one carboxylic acid group, such as serine (Figure 24.18 ), can exist in water in several ionic forms. (a) Suggest the forms of the amino acid at low \(\mathrm{pH}\) and at high \(\mathrm{pH}\). (b) Amino acids generally have two \(\mathrm{p} K_{a}\) values, one in the range of 2 to 3 and the other in the range of 9 to \(10 .\) Serine, for example, has \(\mathrm{p} K_{a}\) values of 2.19 and \(9.21 .\) Using species such as acetic acid and ammonia as models, suggest the origin of the two \(\mathrm{p} K_{a}\) values. (c) Glutamic acid is an amino acid that has three \(\mathrm{p} K_{a}\) 's: 2.10 , 4.07, and 9.47. Draw the structure of glutamic acid, and assign each \(\mathrm{p} K_{a}\) to the appropriate part of the molecule.
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