(a) When a 4.25 -g sample of solid ammonium nitrate dissolves in \(60.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of water in a coffee-cup calorimeter (Figure 5.18), the temperature drops from \(22.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) to \(16.9^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Calculate \(\Delta H\left(\right.\) in \(\left.\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol} \mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)\) for the solution process $$ \mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}(s) \longrightarrow \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}(a q)+\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}(a q) $$ Assume that the specific heat of the solution is the same as that of pure water. (b) Is this process endothermic or exothermic?

Thermochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of heat and energy changes associated with chemical reactions and physical transformations. Understanding thermochemistry is crucial when exploring the intricate dance of molecules during reactions. For instance, when solid ammonium nitrate dissolves in water, we look at the heat exchange to determine whether energy is absorbed from or released to the surroundings. By defining the enthalpy change (\(\textstyle Delta H\)), which is the total heat content of a system, we can quantify this heat exchange in units of joules per mole (J/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

To calculate the enthalpy change, we apply the formula \(q = mc\textstyle Delta T\), where 'q' represents the heat change, 'm' stands for the mass of the substance involved, 'c' is the specific heat capacity, and \(/\textstyle Delta T\) is the temperature change. This formula is a pillar in thermochemistry and allows us to track energy flow during a reaction, elucidating whether it is endothermic (absorbs heat) or exothermic (releases heat).

Calorimetry is an experimental technique used to measure the amount of heat transferred in a chemical or physical process. In our example of ammonium nitrate dissolving, a coffee-cup calorimeter serves as the stage where this heat transfer is theatrically revealed. This simple, yet effective device measures temperature changes of the solution, which, when paired with the mass and specific heat capacity, allows us to calculate the lost or gained heat.

The specific heat capacity, a substance's heat absorption characteristic, is pivotal in this calculation. By using water's specific heat capacity, we can infer the heat change since the solution's heat capacity is assumed to mimic that of pure water. Through calorimetry, we thereby ascertain the thermal narrative of the dissolving process, marking the magnitude of \(\textstyle Delta H\), which in this case is negative due to the heat loss.

Solution chemistry focuses on the interactions and behaviors of substances dissolved in solvents to form solutions. The dissolving of ammonium nitrate in water is a captivating episode in the saga of solution chemistry. When a solid ionic compound like ammonium nitrate dissolves, it dissociates into its constituent ions, ammonium (\(NH_4^+\)) and nitrate (\(NO_3^-\)), releasing or absorbing heat in the process.

Engaging with solution chemistry entails predicting the outcomes of solute-solvent interactions. The property of being an endothermic or exothermic process has profound implications for the enthalpy change. Endothermic reactions result in a temperature drop of the solution because they require heat from the surroundings. Conversely, exothermic reactions will increase the solution’s temperature. Understanding the dissolving process provides valuable insight into enthalpy changes and offers a tangible illustration of solution chemistry in action.

Every chemical reaction tells a thermal tale of energy either being seized or set free. Endothermic and exothermic processes are the two main characters in this thermal narrative. An endothermic process demands energy transfer into the system, resulting in absorbing heat and a cooler environment. An example might be the melting of ice, where energy is needed to overcome molecular bonds.

On the other hand, an exothermic process is like a benevolent benefactor, offering heat to its surroundings, making it warmer. The reaction of ammonium nitrate dissolving in water fits the role of an exothermic process, as indicated by the negative enthalpy change (\(-25.7\textstyle Delta H $kJ/mol\textstyle Delta H\)). This drop in temperature showcases an energy handoff to the surrounding, a signature feature of exothermic chemistry.