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Chapter 7: Problem 60

Discussing this chapter, a classmate says, "Since elements that form cations are metals and elements that form anions are nonmetals, elements that do not form ions are metalloids." Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer.

Short Answer

Expert verified
I disagree with the statement that elements that do not form ions are metalloids. While metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals, they can still sometimes form ions under certain conditions. Additionally, noble gases do not readily form ions, but they are not metalloids. They belong to a separate category of nonmetals.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the terms

First, let's understand what each term means: 1. Cations: Positively charged ions that form when a metal loses one or more electrons. 2. Anions: Negatively charged ions that form when a non-metal gains one or more electrons. 3. Metalloids: Elements that possess properties of both metals and nonmetals.
02

Evaluate the statement

Now, let's evaluate the statement "elements that do not form ions are metalloids." To do this, we must consider whether metalloids forming ions, and whether all elements that do not form ions are metalloids.
03

Consider the properties of metalloids

Metalloids are a group of elements that possess properties of both metals and nonmetals. Some examples of metalloids include silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te). These elements have properties that are intermediate between metals and nonmetals, which means they can sometimes lose electrons (like metals) or gain electrons (like nonmetals) to form ions under the right conditions.
04

Consider elements that do not form ions

Noble gases, including helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn), are examples of elements that do not readily form ions. They have a stable electron configuration with a full outer shell, which prevents them from losing or gaining electrons to form ions. Notably, noble gases are not metalloids – they are a separate category of nonmetals.
05

Conclude and explain

Based on our analysis, we can conclude that we disagree with the statement. Elements that do not form ions are not necessarily metalloids. Some metalloids can form ions under certain conditions, and there are elements (noble gases) that do not readily form ions but are not metalloids.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Write balanced equations for the following reactions: (a) barium oxide with water, (b) iron(II) oxide with perchloric acid, (c) sulfur trioxide with water, (d) carbon dioxide with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Until the early 1960 s the group 8 A elements were called the inert gases; before that they were called the rare gases. The term rare gases was dropped after it was discovered that argon accounts for roughly \(1 \%\) of Earth's atmosphere. (a) Why was the term inert gases dropped? (b) What discovery triggered this change in name? (c) What name is applied to the group now?

A historian discovers a nineteenth-century notebook in which some observations, dated \(1822,\) were recorded on a substance thought to be a new element. Here are some of the data recorded in the notebook: "Ductile, silver- white, metallic looking. Softer than lead. Unaffected by water. Stable in air. Melting point: \(153^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Density: \(7.3 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .\) Electrical conductivity: \(20 \%\) that of copper. Hardness: About \(1 \%\) as hard as iron. When \(4.20 \mathrm{~g}\) of the unknown is heated in an excess of oxygen, \(5.08 \mathrm{~g}\) of a white solid is formed. The solid could be sublimed by heating to over \(800{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). (a) Using information in the text and the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, and making allowances for possible variations in numbers from current values, identify the element reported. (b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction with oxygen. (c) Judging from Figure \(7.1,\) might this nineteenth-century investigator have been the first to discover a new element?

(a) If the core electrons were totally effective at screening the valence electrons and the valence electrons provided no screening for each other, what would be the effective nuclear charge acting on the \(3 s\) and \(3 p\) valence electrons in \(\mathrm{P}\) ? (b) Repeat these calculations using Slater's rules. (c) Detailed calculations indicate that the effective nuclear charge is \(5.6+\) for the \(3 s\) electrons and \(4.9+\) for the \(3 p\) electrons. Why are the values for the \(3 s\) and \(3 p\) electrons different? (d) If you remove a single electron from a \(\mathrm{P}\) atom, which orbital will it come from? Explain.

(a) How is the concept of effective nuclear charge used to simplify the numerous electron-electron repulsions in a manyelectron atom? (b) Which experiences a greater effective nuclear charge in a Be atom, the 1 s electrons or the 2 s electrons? Explain.
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