(a) If the pressure exerted by ozone, \(\mathrm{O}_{3},\) in the stratosphere is \(3.0 \times 10^{-3}\) atm and the temperature is 250 \(\mathrm{K}\) , how many ozone molecules are in a liter? (b) Carbon dioxide makes up approximately 0.04\(\%\) of Earth's atmosphere. If you collect a \(2.0-\mathrm{L}\) sample from the atmosphere at sea level \((1.00 \mathrm{atm})\) on a warm day \(\left(27^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right),\) how many \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) molecules are in your sample?

One of the fundamental constants in chemistry and physics is Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.022 x 10²³. This staggering number represents the quantity of atoms, ions, or molecules in one mole of substance. Understanding this concept is key when dealing with the molecular scale.

When we discuss gases at the molecular level, Avogadro's number helps us convert from moles, which is a chemical unit of measurement for amount of substance, to actual numbers of particles. This conversion is essential in exercises involving the Ideal Gas Law, as it provides the link between an amount of gas in moles and the total number of molecules present.

In the given exercise, after calculating the number of moles of ozone using the Ideal Gas Law, it was necessary to multiply by Avogadro's number to determine the total molecules. This illustrates the importance of Avogadro's number in making sense of molecular quantities for real-world applications, such as measuring ozone concentration in the atmosphere.

The Earth's atmosphere is composed of a complex mixture of different gases. Nitrogen and oxygen are the most abundant, accounting for about 78% and 21% of the atmosphere by volume, respectively. The remaining 1% contains trace gases like argon, carbon dioxide (CO₂), neon, and ozone (O₃), each contributing to our planet’s climate and life support systems in unique ways.

Understanding the composition of the atmosphere is crucial for exercises involving the Ideal Gas Law. For example, when calculating the amount of a specific gas in a mixture, such as CO₂ in the exercise, we must take into account its percentage composition. In the exercise, CO₂ was noted to make up roughly 0.04% of the Earth's atmosphere. Using that percentage, one can calculate the moles of CO₂ in a given volume of air and follow up with the calculation of molecules, as shown by multiplying it with Avogadro's number.

The gas constant, often denoted by the symbol R, is an intrinsic value used in gas-related calculations. Specifically, its value is utilized in the equation stated by the Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT. The gas constant bridges pressure, temperature, and volume with the amount of substance in moles.

In the step-by-step solution of the textbook exercise, R is given a value of 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K. This particular value of R is suited for pressure in atmospheres, volume in liters, and temperature in Kelvin. In different contexts, such as when working with energy, R may have different units like Joules per mole per Kelvin (J/mol·K).

The gas constant is universal and allows us to apply the Ideal Gas Law across various conditions and materials. By using R, we can solve for any one of the variables in the Ideal Gas Law, provided we have the other three. The gas constant is therefore an essential tool in our exercise, enabling the calculation of both ozone and CO₂ molecules in the atmosphere when given pressure, volume, and temperature.