Rank the following gases from least dense to most dense at 1.00 atm and \(298 \mathrm{K} : \mathrm{SO}_{2}, \mathrm{HBr}, \mathrm{CO}_{2} .\)

Molar mass is a fundamental concept in chemistry and crucial for calculating gas densities. It represents the mass of one mole of a substance, typically expressed in grams per mole (g/mol). One mole of any substance contains exactly Avogadro's number of entities, which is approximately 6.022 x 10²³ entities.

To calculate the molar mass of a compound, like the gases mentioned in the exercise, you'll need to sum the atomic masses of each element in a molecule, based on their molar proportions. For example, carbon dioxide (CO₂) consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. If you know the atomic mass of carbon (12.01 g/mol) and oxygen (16.00 g/mol), you can easily calculate the molar mass of CO₂ using simple arithmetic: Molar mass of CO₂ = 1(12.01 g/mol) + 2(16.00 g/mol), which equals 44.01 g/mol.

• Remember that the molar mass of an element is numerically equal to its atomic mass in grams per mole.
• When compounds are involved, each atom's contribution depends on its atomic mass and the amount present in the molecular formula.

The ideal gas law is a critical equation in chemistry and physics, encapsulating the relationship among pressure (P), volume (V), number of moles (n), and temperature (T) for an ideal gas. Mathematically, it is given by PV = nRT, where R denotes the ideal gas constant.

To determine gas density using the ideal gas law, a rearranged form of the equation is used: Density = \(PM/RT\), wherein M represents the molar mass of the gas. It follows that the density is directly proportional to molar mass and pressure but inversely proportional to temperature. This direct relationship is why in the exercise, as molar mass increases, so does the density of the gas.

• Always check the units when using the ideal gas law; units of pressure, volume, and temperature must be compatible with the gas constant's units being used.
• The ideal gas law assumes that particles are point masses with no volume and that there are no intermolecular forces, which is an approximation but useful for a wide range of conditions.

Atomic mass, sometimes referred to as atomic weight, is the weighted average mass of an atom of an element based on the abundance of each of its isotopes. It is measured in atomic mass units (amu), where 1 amu is defined as 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

This concept is intimately tied to the calculation of molar mass. Since molar mass depends on the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms within a molecule, understanding both concepts is key for performing accurate calculations in chemistry. For instance, the atomic mass of sulfur (S) is 32.06 amu, and oxygen (O) is 16.00 amu; thus the molar mass of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is (1)(32.06 g/mol) + (2)(16.00 g/mol), or 64.06 g/mol.

• Atomic mass allows chemists to predict the masses of different moles of substances and to balance chemical equations.
• The use of atomic masses is particularly significant when determining the ratios of elements within a compound.