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Chapter 22: Problem 75

(a) Determine the number of calcium ions in the chemical formula of the mineral hardystonite, \(\mathrm{Ca}_{x} \mathrm{Zn}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}\right) .(\mathbf{b})\) Determine the number of hydroxide ions in the chemical formula of the mineral pyrophylite, \(\mathrm{Al}_{2}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}\right)_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{x}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
\(a)\) There are 2 calcium ions in the chemical formula of hardystonite: \(\mathrm{Ca}_{2} \mathrm{Zn}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{7}\right)\). \(b)\) There are 2 hydroxide ions in the chemical formula of pyrophylite: \(\mathrm{Al}_{2}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}\right)_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\).

Step by step solution

01

Determine the charges of ions in hardystonite

In the chemical formula of hardystonite, we have three types of ions: calcium ions \(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}\), zinc ions \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\), and the silicate anions \(\left(\mathrm{Si}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{7}\right)^{6-}\). The charges of calcium and zinc ions are +2, while the charge of the silicate anion is -6.
02

Balance charges in hardystonite

In order to balance the charges in the chemical formula, we represent the total positive charge with x calcium ions and one zinc ion and balance it with one silicate anion. Therefore, we have the following equation: \(x\cdot 2 + 2 = 6\).
03

Solve for x in hardystonite

Solve the equation from Step 2 for x: \(x\cdot 2 = 4\). Thus, \(x = 2\). So, there are two calcium ions in hardystonite's chemical formula: \(\mathrm{Ca}_{2} \mathrm{Zn}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{7}\right)\).
04

Determine the charges of ions in pyrophylite

In the chemical formula of pyrophylite, we have three types of ions: aluminum ions \(\mathrm{Al}^{3+}\), silicate anions \(\left(\mathrm{Si}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{5}\right)^{4-}\), and hydroxide ions \(\mathrm{OH}^{-}\). The charges of aluminum ions are +3, the charge of the silicate anion is -4, and the charge of the hydroxide ion is -1.
05

Balance charges in pyrophylite

In order to balance the charges in the chemical formula, we represent the total positive charge with two aluminum ions and balance it with the net negative charge contributed by two silicate anions and x hydroxide ions. Therefore, we have the following equation: \(2\cdot 3 = 2\cdot 4 + x \cdot (-1)\).
06

Solve for x in pyrophylite

Solve the equation from Step 5 for x: \(6 = 8 - x\). Thus, \(x = 2\). So, there are two hydroxide ions in pyrophylite's chemical formula: \(\mathrm{Al}_{2}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}\right)_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\). To sum up the results: - There are 2 calcium ions in the chemical formula of hardystonite. - There are 2 hydroxide ions in the chemical formula of pyrophylite.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Account for the following observations: (a) Phosphorus forms a pentachloride, but nitrogen does not. (b) \(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{2}\) is a monoprotic acid. (c) Phosphonium salts, such as \(\mathrm{PH}_{4} \mathrm{Cl}\) can be formed under anhydrous conditions, but they cannot be made in aqueous solution. (d) White phosphorus is more reactive than red phosphorus.

Manganese silicide has the empirical formula MnSi and melts at \(1280^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . It is insoluble in water but does dissolve in aqueous HF. (a) What type of compound do you expect MnSi to be: metallic, molecular, covalent- network, or ionic? (b) Write a likely balanced chemical equation for the reaction of MnSi with concentrated aqueous HF.

The SF \(_{5}^{-}\) ion is formed when \(S F_{4}(g)\) reacts with fluoride salts containing large cations, such as \(\mathrm{CsF}(s) .\) Draw the Lewis structures for \(\mathrm{SF}_{4}\) and \(\mathrm{SF}_{5}^{-}\) , and predict the molecular structure of each.

Write the chemical formula for each of the following, and indicate the oxidation state of the halogen or noble-gas atom in each: (a) calcium hypobromite, (b) bromic acid, (c) xenon trioxide, (d) perchlorate ion, (e) iodous acid,(f) iodine pentafluoride.

Select the member of group 4 \(\mathrm{A}\) that best fits each description: (a) has the lowest first ionization energy, ( b) is found in oxidation states ranging from \(-4\) to \(+4,(\mathbf{c})\) is most abundant in Earth's crust.
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