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Chapter 6: Problem 78

Identify the group of elements that corresponds to each of the following generalized electron configurations and indicate the number of unpaired electrons for each: $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) [noble gas ln }^{2} n p^{5}} \\ {\text { (b) }\left[\text { noble gas } \ln s^{2}(n-1) d^{2}\right.}\\\\{\text { (c) [noble gas } \operatorname{ns}^{2}(n-1) d^{10} n p^{1}} \\ {\text { (d) }[\text { noble gas }] n s^{2}(n-2) f^{6}}\end{array} $$

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) The group 17 element, 1 unpaired electron. (b) The group 4 transition metal, 2 unpaired electrons. (c) The group 13 element, 1 unpaired electron. (d) The second element in the Lanthanide series, 6 unpaired electrons.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Identify the group and unpaired electrons for [noble gas] ns^2 np^5 configuration

For configuration (a) [noble gas] ns^2 np^5, this refers to a group 17 element, as the last electron enters the p orbital and has 5 electrons in it. Since in a p orbital, there are 3 orbitals (px, py, and pz), and since there are 5 electrons, 3 orbitals will have one electron each and one of them will have two electrons. Hence, there will be 1 unpaired electron.
02

(b) Identify the group and unpaired electrons for [noble gas] ns^2 (n-1)d^2 configuration

In configuration (b) [noble gas] ns^2 (n-1)d^2, this corresponds to a group 4 element in the transition metals, as the last electron enters the d orbital and there are already 2 electrons in the s orbital. Since d orbitals can hold up to a maximum of 10 electrons and this configuration has 2 electrons in it, those 2 electrons will occupy two separate d orbitals. Thus, there will be 2 unpaired electrons.
03

(c) Identify the group and unpaired electrons for [noble gas] ns^2 (n-1)d^10 np^1 configuration

For configuration (c) [noble gas] ns^2 (n-1)d^10 np^1, this refers to a group 13 element, as 10 electrons are present in the d orbitals and there are already 2 electrons in the s orbital and 1 electron in the p orbital. Since the p orbital can hold 6 electrons and this configuration has only 1 electron in the p orbital (i.e. 1 electron in one of the px, py, or pz orbitals), there will be only 1 unpaired electron.
04

(d) Identify the group and unpaired electrons for [noble gas] ns^2 (n-2)f^6 configuration

In configuration (d) [noble gas] ns^2 (n-2)f^6, this corresponds to an element in the f-block, specifically the second element in the Lanthanide series. The f orbitals can hold up to a maximum of 14 electrons. In this configuration, there are 6 electrons in the f orbitals. Those 6 electrons will occupy six separate f orbitals. Thus, there will be 6 unpaired electrons.

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