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Chapter 8: Problem 31

(a) State whether or not the bonding in each substance is likely to be covalent: (i) iron, (ii) sodium chloride, (iii) water, (iv) oxygen, (v) argon. (b) A substance XY, formed from two different elements, boils at \(-33^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . Is XY likely to be a covalent or an ionic substance?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) (i) Iron: not covalent, (ii) Sodium chloride: not covalent (ionic), (iii) Water: covalent, (iv) Oxygen: covalent, (v) Argon: no covalent bonding (noble gas). (b) Substance XY with a boiling point of \(-33^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is likely to be a covalent substance due to its low boiling point.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Identifying Covalent Bonds

(i) Iron (Fe) is a metal, and there are no non-metal atoms involved, so the bonding is not covalent. (ii) Sodium chloride (NaCl) consists of a metal (sodium) and a non-metal (chlorine) so the bonding is ionic, not covalent. (iii) Water (H2O) consists of non-metals (hydrogen and oxygen), so the bonding is covalent. (iv) Oxygen (O2) consists of non-metal atoms (oxygen), so the bonding is covalent. (v) Argon (Ar) is a noble gas and does not form bonds, so there is no covalent bonding.
02

(b) Determining the Bond Type in Substance XY

The substance XY has a boiling point of \(-33^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Covalent substances typically have lower boiling points than ionic substances because the intermolecular forces are weaker in covalent substances. Since the boiling point of XY is low, it is more likely to be a covalent substance.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Formic acid has the chemical formula HCOOH. It is a colorless liquid that has a density of 1.220 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}\) . (a) The carbon atom in formic acid is bound to one \(\mathrm{H}\) and both \(\mathrm{O}^{\prime}\) 's. Draw the Lewis structure for formic acid, showing resonance if present. (b) Formic acid can react with NaOH in aqueous solution to produce the formate ion, HCOO- . Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. (c) Draw the Lewis structure of the formate ion, showing resonance if present. (d) How many milliliters of a 0.100 M solution of NaOH would it take to completely react with 0.785 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of formic acid?

Consider the element silicon, Si. (a) Write its electron configuration. (b) How many valence electrons does a silicon atom have? (c) Which subshells hold the valence electrons?

A carbene is a compound that has a carbon bonded to two atoms and a lone pair remaining on the carbon. Many carbenes are very reactive. (a) Draw the Lewis structure for the simplest carbene, \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}\) . ( b) Predict the length of the carbon-carbon bond you would expect if two \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}\) molecules reacted with each other by a combination reaction.

Consider the ionic compounds KF, NaCl, NaBr, and LiCl. (a) Use ionic radil (Figure 7.8) to estimate the cation-anion distance for each compound. (b) Based on your answer to part (a), arrange these four compounds in order of decreasing lattice energy. (c) Check your predictions in part (b) with the experimental values of lattice energy from Table \(8.1 .\) Are the predictions from ionic radii correct?

Some chemists believe that satisfaction of the octet rule should be the top criterion for choosing the dominant Lewis structure of a molecule or ion. Other chemists believe that achieving the best formal charges should be the top criterion. Consider the dihydrogen phosphate ion, \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{PO}_{4}^{-}\) , in which the \(\mathrm{H}\) atoms are bonded to \(\mathrm{O}\) atoms. (a) What is the predicted dominant Lewis structure if satisfying the octet rule is the top criterion? (b) What is the predicted dominant Lewis structure if achieving the best formal charges is the top criterion?
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