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Chapter 11: Problem 49

Which of the following affects the vapor pressure of a liquid? (a) Volume of the liquid, \((\mathbf{b})\) surface area, \((\mathbf{c})\) intermolecular attractive forces, (d) temperature, (e) density of the liquid.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The factors that affect the vapor pressure of a liquid are \((\mathbf{c})\) intermolecular attractive forces and (d) temperature.

Step by step solution

01

Option (a): Volume of the liquid

The volume of the liquid does not affect the vapor pressure because vapor pressure depends on the equilibrium between the liquid and its vapor, not the amount of the liquid itself.
02

Option (b): Surface area

The surface area of the liquid also does not affect the vapor pressure, as it is not related to the equilibrium between the liquid and its vapor. A large liquid surface area can cause faster evaporation, but it does not affect the equilibrium vapor pressure at a given temperature.
03

Option (c): Intermolecular attractive forces

The intermolecular attractive forces have a direct impact on the vapor pressure of a liquid. Strong intermolecular forces make it difficult for molecules to escape from the liquid phase to the vapor phase. As a result, liquids with strong intermolecular forces have lower vapor pressures.
04

Option (d): Temperature

The temperature indeed affects the vapor pressure of a liquid. As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure of a liquid also increases. This is because as the temperature increases, more molecules have enough kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and escape from the liquid phase to the vapor phase.
05

Option (e): Density of the liquid

The density of a liquid does not have a direct impact on its vapor pressure. Density affects the mass per unit volume of a liquid, but it does not change the equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases. In conclusion, the factors that affect the vapor pressure of a liquid are \((\mathbf{c})\) intermolecular attractive forces and (d) temperature.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

True or false: \((\mathbf{a}) \mathrm{CBr}_{4}\) is more volatile than \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\). (b) \(\mathrm{CBr}_{4}\) has a higher boiling point than \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\). (c) \(\mathrm{CBr}_{4}\) has weaker intermolecular forces than \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\). (d) \(\mathrm{CBr}_{4}\) has a higher vapor pressure at the same temperature than \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\).

Suppose the vapor pressure of a substance is measured at two different temperatures. (a) By using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation (Equation 11.1) derive the following relationship between the vapor pressures, \(P_{1}\) and \(P_{2}\), and the absolute temperatures at which they were measured, \(T_{1}\) and \(T_{2}\) : $$ \ln \frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}}=-\frac{\Delta H_{\mathrm{vap}}}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T_{1}}-\frac{1}{T_{2}}\right) $$ (b) Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons, a component of which is octane $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)$. Octane has a vapor pressure of \(1.86 \mathrm{kPa}\) at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and a vapor pressure of \(19.3 \mathrm{kPa}\) at \(75^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Use these data and the equation in part (a) to calculate the heat of vaporization of octane. \((\mathbf{c})\) By using the equation in part (a) and the data given in part (b), calculate the normal boiling point of octane. Compare your answer to the one you obtained from Exercise 11.81 . (d) Calculate the vapor pressure of octane at \(-30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).

(a) What is the significance of the triple point in a phase diagram? (b) Could you measure the triple point of water by measuring the temperature in a vessel in which water vapor, liquid water, and ice are in equilibrium under $101.32 \mathrm{kPa}$ of air? Explain.

A number of salts containing the tetrahedral polyatomic anion, \(\mathrm{BF}_{4}^{-}\), are ionic liquids, whereas salts containing the somewhat larger tetrahedral ion \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}{ }^{2-}\) do not form ionic liquids. Explain this observation.

(a) Two pans of water are on different burners of a stove. One pan of water is boiling vigorously, while the other is boiling gently. What can be said about the temperature of the water in the two pans? (b) A large container of water and a small one are at the same temperature. What can be said about the relative vapor pressures of the water in the two containers?
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