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Chapter 12: Problem 13

What kinds of attractive forces exist between particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) in (a) molecular crystals, (b) covalent-network crystals, (c) ionic crystals, (d) and metallic crystals?

Short Answer

Expert verified
In (a) molecular crystals, the attractive forces between particles are London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. In (b) covalent-network crystals, the attractive forces are strong covalent bonds. In (c) ionic crystals, the attractive forces are strong electrostatic or ionic bonds between oppositely charged ions. In (d) metallic crystals, the attractive forces are the metallic bonds between positively charged metal ions (cations) and negatively charged free electrons, also known as the "electron cloud" or "electron sea."

Step by step solution

01

Identify the forces in molecular crystals

Molecular crystals consist of molecules held together by London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. The type of force depends on the molecules' nature, whether they have a dipole moment or capable of forming hydrogen bonds. #b) Covalent-network Crystals#
02

Identify the forces in covalent-network crystals

Covalent-network crystals are made up of atoms covalently bonded in an extended network. The attractive forces within these crystals are strong covalent bonds, which are responsible for the high melting points and hardness of covalent-network crystals (e.g., diamond and silicon dioxide). #c) Ionic Crystals#
03

Identify the forces in ionic crystals

Ionic crystals consist of positively and negatively charged ions arranged in an alternating pattern. The attractive forces within these crystals are strong electrostatic or ionic bonds between oppositely charged ions (e.g., sodium chloride (NaCl)). #d) Metallic Crystals#
04

Identify the forces in metallic crystals

Metallic crystals are composed of metal atoms, typically cations, that donate their valence electrons to form a "sea" of freely moving electrons surrounding the metal cations. The attractive forces within these crystals are the metallic bonds, which refer to the electrostatic attractions between positively charged metal ions (cations) and negatively charged free electrons, typically called "electron cloud" or "electron sea." This bonding type contributes to the high electrical and thermal conductivity of metals and metallic crystals (e.g., copper and iron).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Indicate whether each statement is true or false: (a) The band gap of a semiconductor decreases as the particle size decreases in the \(1-10-\mathrm{nm}\) range. (b) The light that is emitted from a semiconductor, upon external stimulation, becomes longer in wavelength as the particle size of the semiconductor decreases.

Imagine that you have a metal bar sitting half in the sun and half in the dark. On a sunny day, the part of the metal that has been sitting in the sun feels hot. If you touch the part of the metal bar that has been sitting in the dark, will it feel hot or cold? Justify your answer in terms of thermal conductivity.

One method to synthesize ionic solids is by the heating of two reactants at high temperatures. Consider the reaction of \(\mathrm{MgO}\) with \(\mathrm{TiO}_{2}\) to form \(\mathrm{MgTiO}_{3}\). Determine the amount of each of the two reactants to prepare \(3.250 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{MgTiO}_{3}\), assuming the reaction goes to completion. (a) Write a balanced chemical reaction. (b) Calculate the formula weight of \(\mathrm{MgTiO}_{3}\). (c) Determine the moles of \(\mathrm{MgTiO}_{3}\). (d) Determine moles and mass (g) of MgO required. (e) Determine moles and mass (g) of \(\mathrm{TiO}_{2}\) required.

The karat scale used to describe gold alloys is based on mass percentages. (a) If an alloy is formed that is \(75 \mathrm{~mol} \%\) silver and $25 \mathrm{~mol} \%$ gold, what is the karat number of the alloy? Use Figure 12.18 to estimate the color of this alloy. (b) If an alloy is formed that is 75 mol\% copper and 25 mol\% gold, what is the karat number of the alloy? What is the color of this alloy?

In their study of X-ray diffraction, William and Lawrence Bragg determined that the relationship among the wavelength of the radiation \((\lambda),\) the angle at which the radiation is diffracted \((\theta),\) and the distance between planes of atoms in the crystal that cause the diffraction \((d)\) is given by \(n \lambda=2 d \sin \theta . X\) rays from a copper \(X\) -ray tube that have a wavelength of \(154 \mathrm{pm}\) are diffracted at an angle of 14.22 degrees by crystalline silicon. Using the Bragg equation, calculate the distance between the planes of atoms responsible for diffraction in this crystal, assuming \(n=1\) (first-order diffraction).
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