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Chapter 13: Problem 62

You make a solution of a nonvolatile solute with a liquid solvent. Indicate if each of the following statements is true or false. (a) The freezing point of the solution is unchanged by addition of the solvent. (b) The solid that forms as the solution freezes is nearly pure solute. (c) The freezing point of the solution is independent of the concentration of the solute. (d) The boiling point of the solution increases in proportion to the concentration of the solute. (e) At any temperature, the vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution is lower than what it would be for the pure solvent.

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) False - The freezing point decreases when adding a solvent to a nonvolatile solute. (b) False - The solid formed during freezing is nearly pure solvent. (c) False - The freezing point is dependent on the concentration of the solute. (d) True - The boiling point increases in proportion to the concentration of the solute. (e) True - The vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution is lower than in the pure solvent.

Step by step solution

01

a) The freezing point of the solution is unchanged by the addition of the solvent.

This statement is false. When a nonvolatile solute is added into a solvent, the freezing point of the solution decreases. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression and can be explained by the fact that solute particles interfere with the formation of the solid structure of the solvent, thus lowering the temperature at which the solution freezes.
02

b) The solid that forms as the solution freezes is nearly pure solute.

This statement is false. When a solution freezes, the solid formed is generally composed of nearly pure solvent. This is because solute particles disrupt the regular structure of the solid solvent when it freezes. As freezing occurs, the solvent freezes preferentially, leaving behind a more concentrated solution with the remaining solute particles.
03

c) The freezing point of the solution is independent of the concentration of the solute.

This statement is false. The freezing point depression includes the relationship between the freezing point of the solution and the concentration of the solute. The lower the freezing point of the solution, the greater the concentration of the solute.
04

d) The boiling point of the solution increases in proportion to the concentration of the solute.

This statement is true. An increase in the concentration of a nonvolatile solute leads to an increase in the boiling point of the solution. This phenomenon is called boiling point elevation and can be explained by solute particles disrupting the escaping tendency of solvent molecules from the liquid phase into the gas phase. As a result, a higher temperature is needed to provide the extra energy required for solvent molecules to escape, thus raising the boiling point of the solution.
05

e) At any temperature, the vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution is lower than what it would be for the pure solvent.

This statement is true. A nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution as compared to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. This is because the solute particles decrease the number of solvent particles at the surface of the liquid phase, reducing their chance of escaping into the gas phase. Consequently, the vapor pressure of the solvent in a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is lower than its vapor pressure when it's pure.

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