Chapter 18: Problem 11
(a) What is the primary basis for the division of the atmosphere into different regions? (b) Name the regions of the atmosphere, indicating the altitude interval for each one.
Chapter 18: Problem 11
(a) What is the primary basis for the division of the atmosphere into different regions? (b) Name the regions of the atmosphere, indicating the altitude interval for each one.
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Get started for freeA 500 megawatt electrical power plant typically burned 1,430,000 metric tons of coal in a year. (a) Assuming that the coal was \(80 \%\) carbon and \(3 \%\) sulfur and that combustion was complete, calculate the number of tons of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide produced by the plant during the year. (b) If \(50 \%\) of the \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\) could be removed by reaction with powdered \(\mathrm{CaO}\) to form \(\mathrm{CaSO}_{3}\), how many tons of \(\mathrm{CaSO}_{3}\) would be produced?
The Henry's law constant for \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) in water at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\( is \)3.4 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~mol} / \mathrm{m}^{3}-\mathrm{Pa}(\mathbf{a})$ What is the solubility of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) in water at this temperature if the solution is in contact with air at normal atmospheric pressure? (b) Assume that all of this \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is in the form of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\) produced by the reaction between \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}:\) $$ \mathrm{CO}_{2}(a q)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}(a q) $$ What is the pH of this solution?
The standard enthalpies of formation of \(\mathrm{ClO}\) and \(\mathrm{ClO}_{2}\) are 101 and \(102 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\), respectively. Using these data and the thermodynamic data in Appendix C, calculate the overall enthalpy change for each step in the following catalytic cycle: $$ \begin{array}{l} \mathrm{ClO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{3}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{ClO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \\ \mathrm{ClO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{ClO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \end{array} $$ What is the enthalpy change for the overall reaction that results from these two steps?
Why is rainwater naturally acidic, even in the absence of polluting gases such as \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\) ?
The ultraviolet spectrum can be divided into three regions based on wavelength: UV-A (315-400 nm), UV-B (280-315 \(\mathrm{nm})\), and UV-C \((100-280 \mathrm{nm})\). (a) Photons from which region have the highest energy and therefore are the most harmful to living tissue? (b) In the absence of ozone, which of these three regions, if any, are absorbed by the atmosphere? (c) When appropriate concentrations of ozone are present in the stratosphere, is all of the UV light absorbed before reaching the Earth's surface? If not, which region or regions are not filtered out?
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