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Chapter 21: Problem 12

What do these symbols stand for? (a) \({ }_{0}^{0} \gamma,(\mathbf{b}){ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He},\) (c) \({ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} .\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The notations represent the following particles: (a) \({ }_{0}^{0} \gamma\) represents a gamma photon, which is a high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay or nuclear reactions. (b) \({ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) represents a helium-4 nucleus or alpha particle, which is composed of two protons and two neutrons. (c) \({ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}\) represents a neutron, a neutral particle found in the nucleus of atoms alongside protons.

Step by step solution

01

Identifying particle (a)\({ }_{0}^{0} \gamma\)

In this notation, the bottom number (0) represents the atomic number (the number of protons), the top number (0) represents the mass number (the total number of protons and neutrons), and the symbol \(\gamma\) denotes the gamma particle. Since the atomic number and the mass number are both 0, this indicates that the particle is a gamma photon. Gamma photons are high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, or other high-energy processes.
02

Identifying particle (b)\({ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\)

In this notation, the bottom number (2) represents the atomic number (number of protons), the top number (4) represents the mass number (total number of protons and neutrons), and the symbol He denotes the helium atom. Since the atomic number is 2 and the mass number is 4, this indicates that the particle is a helium-4 nucleus, also known as an alpha particle. Alpha particles are composed of two protons and two neutrons, and are often emitted during radioactive decay.
03

Identifying particle (c)\({ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}\)

In this notation, the bottom number (0) represents the atomic number (number of protons), the top number (1) represents the mass number (total number of protons and neutrons), and the symbol n denotes the neutron particle. Since the atomic number is 0 and the mass number is 1, this indicates that the particle is a neutron. Neutrons are neutral particles that reside in the nucleus of atoms, along with protons.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) What is the function of the moderator in a nuclear reactor? (b) What substance acts as the moderator in a pressurized water generator? (c) What other substances are used as a moderator in nuclear reactor designs?

Complete and balance the nuclear equations for the following fission or fusion reactions: (a) ${ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} \longrightarrow{ }_{36}^{92} \mathrm{Kr}+{ }_{56}^{141} \mathrm{Zn}+$ (b) ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{1}^{3} \mathrm{H} \longrightarrow{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}+$

The thermite reaction, $\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}(s)+2 \mathrm{Al}(s) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Fe}(s)+$ $\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}(s), \Delta H^{\circ}=-851.5 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$, is one of the most exothermic reactions known. Because the heat released is sufficient to melt the iron product, the reaction is used to weld metal under the ocean. How much heat is released per mole of $\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ produced? How does this amount of thermal energy compare with the energy released when 2 mol of protons and 2 mol of neutrons combine to form 1 mol of alpha particles?

Hydroxyl radicals can pluck hydrogen atoms from molecules ("hydrogen abstraction"), and hydroxide ions can pluck protons from molecules ("deprotonation"). Write the reaction equations and Lewis dot structures for the hydrogen abstraction and deprotonation reactions for the generic carboxylic acid \(\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{COOH}\) with hydroxyl radical and hydroxide ion, respectively. Why is hydroxyl radical more toxic to living systems than hydroxide ion?

Write balanced equations for each of the following nuclear reactions: $(\mathbf{a}){ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}(\mathrm{n}, \gamma){ }^{239} \mathrm{U},(\mathbf{b}){ }_{82}^{16} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{p}, \alpha){ }^{13} \mathrm{~N},\( (c) \){ }_{8}^{18} \mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{n}, \beta^{-}\right){ }^{19} \mathrm{~F}$.
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