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Chapter 22: Problem 14

Consider the elements $\mathrm{Ba}, \mathrm{Na}, \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{B}, \mathrm{P},\( and \)\mathrm{Kr}$. From this list, select the element that (a) is most electronegative, (b) has the greatest metallic character, \((\mathbf{c})\) most readily forms a positive ion, \((\mathbf{d})\) exhibits a maximum oxidation sate of +5 , (e) exists as monoatomic gas at room temperature, (f) has multiple allotropes.

Short Answer

Expert verified
\(a)\) Oxygen (O) is the most electronegative element. \(b)\) Barium (Ba) has the greatest metallic character. \(c)\) Sodium (Na) most readily forms a positive ion. \(d)\) Phosphorus (P) exhibits a maximum oxidation state of +5. \(e)\) Krypton (Kr) exists as a monoatomic gas at room temperature. \(f)\) Both boron (B) and phosphorus (P) have multiple allotropes.

Step by step solution

01

Find the element with the highest electronegativity

We can use the periodic table to identify the element with the highest electronegativity. Generally, electronegativity increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group. Among the given elements, O (oxygen) is in Group 16 (chalcogens) and Period 2, which is the most right and up in the periodic table, so it is the most electronegative element in the list. #b) Element with the greatest metallic character#
02

Find the element with the greatest metallic character

Metallic character decreases across a period and increases down a group in the periodic table. Ba (barium) is in Group 2 (alkaline earth metals) and Period 6, which is the most left and down in the periodic table, so it has the greatest metallic character among the given elements. #c) Element that most readily forms a positive ion#
03

Find the element that most readily forms a positive ion

Elements that easily form positive ions usually have low ionization energies. Metallic elements generally have lower ionization energies than nonmetals. Among the given elements, Na (sodium) is an alkali metal (Group 1) and will lose one electron easily to form a positive ion (Na+). So, Na most readily forms a positive ion. #d) Element that exhibits a maximum oxidation state of +5#
04

Find the element with a maximum oxidation state of +5

Elements in Group 15 tend to have a maximum oxidation state of +5 due to the presence of 5 valence electrons. In our given list, P (phosphorus) is in Group 15, and thus it exhibits a maximum oxidation state of +5. #e) Element that exists as monoatomic gas at room temperature#
05

Find the monoatomic gas element at room temperature

Noble gases are the only elements that exist as monoatomic gases at room temperature due to their stable electron configurations and are placed in Group 18 of the periodic table. In our given list, Kr (krypton) is a noble gas and exists as a monoatomic gas at room temperature. #f) Element with multiple allotropes#
06

Find the element with multiple allotropes

Allotropy is a phenomenon in which an element can exist in two or more different forms with different physical and sometimes chemical properties. B (boron) and P (phosphorus) are both known to have several allotropes. For example, B has two main allotropes: α-boron and β-boron, and P has multiple allotropes, including white, red, and black phosphorus.

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