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Chapter 22: Problem 20

The physical properties of \(\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) differ from those of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) because (a) D has a different electron configuration than O. (b) \(\mathrm{D}\) is radioactive. (c) D forms stronger bonds with \(\mathrm{O}\) than \(\mathrm{H}\) does. (d) D is much more massive than H.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The physical properties of D2O differ from those of H2O primarily because deuterium (D) is much more massive than hydrogen (H), as stated in option (d). The difference in mass between these isotopes affects properties like boiling point, density, and viscosity.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Molecules in Question

In this exercise, we are comparing two similar molecules, D2O (deuterium oxide) and H2O (water). These molecules are isomers and are chemically similar but have different physical properties due to the difference in the isotopes of hydrogen that are bonded with oxygen. In D2O, both hydrogens are replaced with deuterium, which is an isotope of hydrogen with an additional neutron.
02

Evaluating Option (a)

Option (a) states that D has a different electron configuration than O. However, electron configurations refer to the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom, not the isotopes or the atomic mass. The main difference between D2O and H2O is the presence of deuterium in D2O, which does not change the electron configuration. So, this option is incorrect.
03

Evaluating Option (b)

Option (b) states that D is radioactive. This is also incorrect. Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen and is not radioactive.
04

Evaluating Option (c)

Option (c) states D forms stronger bonds with O than H does. However, although there might be some differences in bond strength between H and D due to the larger mass of deuterium, this is not the primary reason why the physical properties of D2O and H2O are different. The main difference arises from the mass difference between these isotopes, affecting physical properties like boiling point, density, and viscosity. So, this option is not the right answer.
05

Evaluating Option (d)

Option (d) states D is much more massive than H. This is the correct answer. Deuterium is about twice as massive as hydrogen due to the presence of an additional neutron. This difference in mass leads to different physical properties in D2O compared to H2O, such as a higher boiling and melting point, higher density, and different viscosity.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) Determine the number of sodium ions in the chemical formula of albite, \(\mathrm{Na}_{x} \mathrm{AlSi}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{8} .(\mathbf{b})\) Determine the number of hydroxide ions in the chemical formula of tremolite, $\mathrm{Ca}_{2} \mathrm{Mg}_{5}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{x}$.

One method proposed for removing \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\) from the flue gases of power plants involves scrubbing with an alkali solid such as calcium carbonate to form calcium sulfite and carbon dioxide gas. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. (b) What mass of \(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}\) would be required to remove the \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\) formed by burning \(1000 \mathrm{~kg}\) of coal containing \(8.0 \% \mathrm{~S}\) by mass? (c) What volume of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is formed under standard temperature and pressure? Assume that all reactions are \(100 \%\) efficient.

Write the Lewis structure for each of the following species, describe its geometry, and indicate the oxidation state of the nitrogen: $(\mathbf{a}) \mathrm{HNO}_{2},(\mathbf{b}) \mathrm{N}_{3}^{-},(\mathbf{c}) \mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}^{+},(\mathbf{d}) \mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}$.

(a) Give the names and chemical symbols for the three isotopes of hydrogen. (b) List the isotopes in order of decreasing natural abundance. (c) Which hydrogen isotope is radioactive? (d) Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of this isotope.

Write the formulas for the following compounds, and indicate the oxidation state of the group 14 element or of boron in each: (a) silane, \((\mathbf{b})\) germanium dichloride, (c) \(\operatorname{tin}(\mathrm{II})\) sulfide, \((\mathbf{d})\) sodium borohydride, \((\mathbf{e})\) lead(IV) nitrate, \((\mathbf{f})\) tin dioxide.
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