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Chapter 23: Problem 18

Which type of magnetic material cannot be used to make permanent magnets, a ferromagnetic substance, an antiferromagnetic substance, or a ferrimagnetic substance?

Short Answer

Expert verified
An antiferromagnetic substance cannot be used to make permanent magnets because it has a net magnetization of zero, resulting from the alignment of neighboring magnetic moments in opposite directions. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic substances can form permanent magnets due to their strong attraction to magnetic fields and non-zero net magnetization.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the properties of ferromagnetic substances

A ferromagnetic substance is a material that has a strong attraction to magnetic fields. It can form permanent magnets when its magnetic domains are aligned in one direction. Examples of ferromagnetic materials include iron, nickel, and cobalt.
02

Understand the properties of antiferromagnetic substances

An antiferromagnetic substance is a material in which neighboring magnetic moments (spins) align in opposite directions, resulting in a net magnetization of zero. These materials do not exhibit a strong attraction to magnetic fields and cannot form permanent magnets. Examples of antiferromagnetic materials include manganese oxide and chromates.
03

Understand the properties of ferrimagnetic substances

A ferrimagnetic substance is a material in which neighboring magnetic moments (spins) align in opposite directions, but with different magnitudes. The net magnetization is non-zero, and these materials can exhibit strong attraction to magnetic fields and can form permanent magnets. Examples of ferrimagnetic materials include magnetite and some ferrites.
04

Identify the magnetic material that cannot be used to make permanent magnets

Based on the properties of the three magnetic materials, we can conclude that an antiferromagnetic substance cannot be used to make permanent magnets, as its net magnetization is zero. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic substances, on the other hand, can be used to make permanent magnets due to their strong attraction to magnetic fields and non-zero net magnetization.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The value of \(\Delta\) for the \(\left[\mathrm{MoI}_{6}\right]^{3-}\) complex is \(198.58 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\). Calculate the expected wavelength of the absorption corresponding to promotion of an electron from the lower energy to the higher-energy \(d\) -orbital set in this complex. Should the complex absorb in the visible range?

(a) Using Werner's definition of valence, which property is the same as oxidation number, primary valence or secondary valence? (b) What term do we normally use for the other type of valence? (c) Why can \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) serve as a ligand but \(\mathrm{BH}_{3}\) cannot?

Determine if each of the following complexes exhibits geometric isomerism. If geometric isomers exist, determine how many there are. (a) tetrahedral $\left[\mathrm{Cd}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\right],(\mathbf{b})$ square-pla- \(\operatorname{nar}\left[\operatorname{IrCl}_{2}\left(\mathrm{PH}_{3}\right)_{2}\right]^{-},(\mathbf{c})\) octahedral $\left[\mathrm{Fe}(o \text { -phen })_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\right]^{+} .$

Metallic elements are essential components of many important enzymes operating within our bodies. Carbonic anhydrase, which contains \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\) in its active site, is responsible for rapidly interconverting dissolved \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) and bicarbonate ion, \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\). The zinc in carbonic anhydrase is tetrahedrally coordinated by three neutral nitrogencontaining groups and a water molecule. The coordinated water molecule has a \(\mathrm{p} K_{a}\) of \(7.5,\) which is crucial for the enzyme's activity. (a) Draw the active site geometry for the \(\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{II})\) center in carbonic anhydrase, just writing "N" for the three neutral nitrogen ligands from the protein. (b) Compare the \(\mathrm{p} K_{a}\) of carbonic anhydrase's active site with that of pure water; which species is more acidic? (c) When the coordinated water to the \(\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{II})\) center in carbonic anhydrase is deprotonated, what ligands are bound to the \(\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{II})\) center? Assume the three nitrogen ligands are unaffected. \((\mathbf{d})\) The \(\mathrm{p} K_{a}\) of \(\left[\mathrm{Zn}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\) is \(10 .\) Suggest an explanation for the difference between this $\mathrm{p} K_{a}$ and that of carbonic anhydrase. (e) Would you expect carbonic anhydrase to have a deep color, like hemoglobin and other metal-ion-containing proteins do? Explain.

Indicate the coordination number and the oxidation number of the metal for each of the following complexes: (a) \(\mathrm{Na}_{2}[\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{EDTA})]\) (b) \(\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}\) (c) \(\left[\mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{4}\right] \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) (d) \(\mathrm{K}_{3} \mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{CN})_{6}\) (e) \(\mathrm{Rh}\left(\mathrm{PPh}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{Cl}\) (f) $\mathrm{Zn}\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\right)\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{2}$
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