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Chapter 5: Problem 21

(a) Which of the following cannot leave or enter a closed system: heat, work, or matter? (b) Which cannot leave or enter an isolated system? (c) What do we call the part of the universe that is not part of the system?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) In a closed system, "matter" cannot leave or enter the system. (b) In an isolated system, "heat, work, and matter" cannot leave or enter the system. (c) The part of the universe that is not part of the system is called the "surroundings."

Step by step solution

01

(a) Closed System: Definition

A closed system is one in which mass (matter) cannot enter or leave the system but energy (heat and work) can be transferred across its boundary.
02

(a) Closed System: Identification

In a closed system, matter cannot leave or enter the system. Therefore, the answer for part (a) is "matter."
03

(b) Isolated System: Definition

An isolated system is one in which neither mass nor energy can be transferred across its boundary. It is completely separated from its surroundings.
04

(b) Isolated System: Identification

In an isolated system, no heat, work, or matter can leave or enter the system. Therefore, the answer for part (b) is "heat, work, and matter."
05

(c) Universe: System and Surroundings

In thermodynamics, the universe consists of two parts: the system under study and the surroundings. The surroundings encompass everything else that lies outside the system and can interact with it.
06

(c) Universe: Terminology

We call the part of the universe that is not part of the system the "surroundings."

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Calculate \(\Delta E\) and determine whether the process is endothermic or exothermic for the following cases: \((\mathbf{a}) q=0.763 \mathrm{~kJ}\) and \(w=-840 \mathrm{~J}\). (b) A system releases \(66.1 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of heat to its surroundings while the surroundings do \(44.0 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of work on the system.

Write balanced equations that describe the formation of the following compounds from elements in their standard states, and then look up the standard enthalpy of formation for each substance in Appendix C: (a) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}(l),\) (b) \(\mathrm{CaSO}_{4}(s),\) (d) \(\mathrm{P}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{6}(s),\) (c) \(\mathrm{NO}(g)\).

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Two positively charged spheres, each with a charge of \(2.0 \times\) $10^{-5} \mathrm{C}\(, a mass of \)1.0 \mathrm{~kg}\(, and separated by a distance of \)1.0 \mathrm{~cm}$, are held in place on a frictionless track. (a) What is the electrostatic potential energy of this system? (b) If the spheres are released, will they move toward or away from each other? (c) What speed will each sphere attain as the distance between the spheres approaches infinity? [Section 5.1]

The standard enthalpies of formation of gaseous propyne $\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{4}\right),\( propylene \)\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6}\right),\( and propane \)\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8}\right)\( are \)+185.4,+20.4,\( and \)-103.8 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$, respectively. (a) Calculate the heat evolved per mole on combustion of each substance to yield \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)\) and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) .\( (b) Calculate the heat evolved on combustion of \)1 \mathrm{~kg}\( of each substance. \)(\mathbf{c})$ Which is the most efficient fuel in terms of heat evolved per unit mass?
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