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Chapter 6: Problem 78

Identify the group of elements that corresponds to each of the following generalized electron configurations and indicate the number of unpaired electrons for each: (a) [noble gas]ns \(^{2} n p^{5}\) (b) \([\) noble gas \(] n s^{2}(n-1) d^{2}\) (c) \([\) noble gas \(] n s^{2}(n-1) d^{10} n p^{1}\) (d) \([\) noble \(\operatorname{gas}] n s^{2}(n-2) f^{6}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Group 17 (Halogens) and one unpaired electron. (b) Group 4 (Transition metals) and zero unpaired electrons. (c) Group 13 and one unpaired electron. (d) f-block (Lanthanides or Actinides) and two unpaired electrons.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the group of elements

For this configuration, the last electron is added to the p orbital. Since there are five electrons in the p orbital, the element belongs to group 17 (halogens) in the periodic table.
02

Determine the number of unpaired electrons

Since there are five electrons in the p orbital, and each p orbital can hold a maximum of 6 electrons, there is one unpaired electron in this configuration. Answer for (a): Group 17 (Halogens) and one unpaired electron. (b) [noble gas] \(ns^2(n-1)d^2\)
03

Identify the group of elements

This configuration has the last electrons added to the d orbital. Since there are two electrons in the d orbital, the element belongs to group 4 (transition metals) in the periodic table.
04

Determine the number of unpaired electrons

Since there are two electrons in the d orbital, and each orbital consists of one pair of electrons (one with spin up and one with spin down) there are zero unpaired electrons in this configuration. Answer for (b): Group 4 (Transition metals) and zero unpaired electrons. (c) [noble gas] \(ns^2(n-1)d^{10}np^1\)
05

Identify the group of elements

This configuration has the last electron added to the p orbital. Since there is one electron in the p orbital, the element belongs to group 13 in the periodic table.
06

Determine the number of unpaired electrons

Since there is one electron in the p orbital and it is unpaired, there is one unpaired electron in this configuration. Answer for (c): Group 13 and one unpaired electron. (d) [noble gas] \(ns^2(n-2)f^6\)
07

Identify the group of elements

This configuration has the last electrons added to the f orbital. Since there are six electrons in the f orbital, the element belongs to the f-block of the periodic table (lanthanides or actinides).
08

Determine the number of unpaired electrons

Since there are six electrons in the f orbital, there are two unpaired electrons in this configuration. (Each f orbital can hold a maximum of 14 electrons. Having six electrons means that 4 orbitals are filled with pairs and the remaining 2 electrons are unpaired.) Answer for (d): f-block (Lanthanides or Actinides) and two unpaired electrons.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Use the de Broglie relationship to determine the wavelengths of the following objects: (a) an \(85-\mathrm{kg}\) person skiing at $50 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{hr},(\mathbf{b})\( a \)10.0-\mathrm{g}\( bullet fired at \)250 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},(\mathbf{c})\( a lithium atom moving at \)2.5 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},(\mathbf{d})\( an ozone \)\left(\mathrm{O}_{3}\right)$ molecule in the upper atmosphere moving at \(550 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\).

The familiar phenomenon of a rainbow results from the diffraction of sunlight through raindrops. (a) Does the wavelength of light increase or decrease as we proceed outward from the innermost band of the rainbow? (b) Does the frequency of light increase or decrease as we proceed outward? [Section 6.3]

(a) Calculate the energy of a photon of electromagnetic radiation whose frequency is \(2.94 \times 10^{14} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}\). (b) Calculate the energy of a photon of radiation whose wavelength is 413 \(\mathrm{nm} .\) (c) What wavelength of radiation has photons of energy $6.06 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~J} ?$

How many unique combinations of the quantum numbers \(l\) and \(m_{l}\) are there when (a) \(n=1,(\mathbf{b}) n=5 ?\)

Identify the specific element that corresponds to each of the following electron configurations and indicate the number of unpaired electrons for each: (a) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2}\), (b) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{4}\) (d) \([\mathrm{Kr}] 5 s^{2} 4 d^{10} 5 p^{4}\) (c) \([\mathrm{Ar}] 4 s^{1} 3 d^{5}\)
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