Log out Go to App
Go to App

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 7: Problem 97

Which of the following chemical equations is connected to the definitions of (a) the first ionization energy of oxygen, (b) the second ionization energy of ox ygen, and (c) the electron affinity of oxygen? (i) \(\mathrm{O}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{-}(g)\) (ii) \(\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}\) (iii) \(\mathrm{O}(g)+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2-}(g)\) (iv) \(\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(g)+2 \mathrm{e}^{-}\) $(\mathbf{v}) \mathrm{O}^{+}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}$

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) The first ionization energy of oxygen is represented by equation (ii): \(\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}\) (b) The second ionization energy of oxygen is represented by equation (v): \(\mathrm{O}^{+}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}\) (c) The electron affinity of oxygen is represented by equation (i): \(\mathrm{O}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{-}(g)\)

Step by step solution

01

Identify the First Ionization Energy Equation

Look for the equation where an oxygen atom loses one electron to form a positive ion: Ο(g) → Ο^+(g) + e^− This can be found in equation (ii).
02

Identify the Second Ionization Energy Equation

Look for the equation where an oxygen ion with a charge of +1 loses another electron to form a positive ion with a charge of +2: Ο^+(g) → Ο^2+(g) + e^− This is equation (v).
03

Identify the Electron Affinity Equation

Find the equation where an oxygen atom gains one electron to form a negative ion: Ο(g) + e^− → Ο^−(g) This can be found in equation (i). Now that we have identified the equations for each case, we can state our final answers. (a) The first ionization energy of oxygen is represented by equation (ii): \(\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}\) (b) The second ionization energy of oxygen is represented by equation (v): \(\mathrm{O}^{+}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}\) (c) The electron affinity of oxygen is represented by equation (i): \(\mathrm{O}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{-}(g)\)

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Start your free trial

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with Vaia!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

Consider the isoelectronic ions \(\mathrm{Cl}^{-}\) and \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\). (a) Which ion is smaller? (b) Using Equation 7.1 and assuming that core electrons contribute 1.00 and valence electrons contribute nothing to the screening constant, \(S,\) calculate \(Z_{\text {eff }}\) for these two ions. (c) Repeat this calculation using Slater's rules to estimate the screening constant, $S .(\mathbf{d})$ For isoelectronic ions, how are effective nuclear charge and ionic radius related?

Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs in each of the following cases: (a) Lithium is added to water. (b) Calcium is added to water. (c) Potassium reacts with chlorine gas. (d) Rubidium reacts with oxygen.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs in each of the following cases: (a) White phorphrous, \(\mathrm{P}_{4}(\mathrm{~s})\), reacts with chlorine gas. (b) Sodium metal reacts with water. (c) Hydrogen bromide gas reacts with chlorine gas. (d) Aluminum trichloride reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

In the chemical process called electron transfer, an electron is transferred from one atom or molecule to another. (We will talk about electron transfer extensively in Chapter 20.) A simple electron transfer reaction is $$ \mathrm{A}(g)+\mathrm{A}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{A}^{+}(g)+\mathrm{A}^{-}(g) $$ In terms of the ionization energy and electron affinity of atom A, what is the energy change for this reaction? For a representative nonmetal such as chlorine, is this process exothermic? For a representative metal such as sodium, is this process exothermic?

One way to measure ionization energies is ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), a technique based on the photoelectric effect. exo (Section 6.2 ) In PES, monochromatic light is directed onto a sample, causing electrons to be emitted. The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is measured. The difference between the energy of the photons and the kinetic energy of the electrons corresponds to the energy needed to remove the electrons (that is, the ionization energy). Suppose that a PES experiment is performed in which mercury vapor is irradiated with ultraviolet light of wavelength \(58.4 \mathrm{nm} .\) (a) What is the energy of a photon of this light, in joules? (b) Write an equation that shows the process corresponding to the first ionization energy of \(\mathrm{Hg}\). (c) The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is measured to be \(1.72 \times 10^{-18} \mathrm{~J}\). What is the first ionization energy of \(\mathrm{Hg}\), in $\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol} ?$ (d) Using Figure 7.10 , determine which of the halogen elements has a first ionization energy closest to that of mercury.
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Chemistry Textbooks

Nuclear Chemistry

Read Explanation

Organic Chemistry

Read Explanation

The Earths Atmosphere

Read Explanation

Chemical Analysis

Read Explanation

Inorganic Chemistry

Read Explanation

Chemical Reactions

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.

Sign-up for free